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Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s a eukaryotic cell

A

Cells that contain a nucleus

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2
Q

What’s a eukaryote

A

An organism that is made of of eukaryotic cells eg an elephant

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3
Q

What’s are prokaryotic cells

A

Single called organisms that do not contain a nucleus

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4
Q

What’s a prokaryote

A

Prokaryotic organisms (bacteria)

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5
Q

What’s dna

A

The genetic information found in all living organisms

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6
Q

What’s a ribosome

A

A small cell organelle in the cytoplasm where proteins are made

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7
Q

What’s reparation

A

The release of energy from glucose

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8
Q

What’s multicellular

A

Organisms made of of more than one type of cell

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9
Q

What type of cells are animals and plants made of

A

Eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

What type of cells are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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11
Q

What are prokaryotic cells like

A

Single celled

No nucleus

Smaller than eukaryotic cells

Have small rings of Dna (plasmid)

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12
Q

What size do individual bacterial cells range from

A

1μm - 10μm

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13
Q

How many μm (micrometres) make a metre

A

1 million

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14
Q

How many μm make a millimetre

A

1 thousand

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15
Q

What evolved first and why, prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes as they are missing some parts eukaryotes have

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16
Q

When is it believed prokaryotes first appeared

A

3.5 billion years ago

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17
Q

What’s the cytoplasm

A

The fluid part of cell inside membrane

Mainly Water

Holds components such as ribosomes

Most chemical reactions take place here

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18
Q

What’s the cell wall(in bacteria)

A

It’s provides supports, unlike plants - it’s not made of cellulose. It’s found on outside of cell membrane

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19
Q

What’s the single DNA loop on bacteria

A

Dna not arranged in complex chromosomes or held in nucleus

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20
Q

What’s the plasmid in bacteria

A

Small circular sections of Dna, that provide genetic variation for bacteria

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21
Q

What’s the cell membrane in bacteria

A

Controls substances going in and out of cell, internal extensions that have enzymes attached to them so respiration can occur in enzymes

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22
Q

What’s a ribosome in bacteria

A

Proteins made by ribosomes - found in cytoplasm

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23
Q

What’s diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration

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24
Q

What’s an organelle

A

A part of a cell with a specific function

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25
Q

What’s a chromosome

A

A structure containing dna

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26
Q

What are mitochondrian

A

A small cell organelle in which respiration occurs - found in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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27
Q

What’s photosynthesis

A

A chemical reaction that occurs in chloroplasts of plants and algae, and stores energy in glucose

Light energy from sun converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen and so is an energy source

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28
Q

What’s turgid

A

Describes swollen cells

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29
Q

Can plant and animal cells be multicellular or unicellular

A

Both lol

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30
Q

The cytoplasm is found in …

A

Bacteria cells

Animal cells

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31
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Controls substances being moved by diffusion, many cells need glucose or oxygen for respiration

32
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Have stored energy in glucose which is released for 7 processes of life - without mitochondria there would be no energy and cell would die

They have many folds in them so they have a large surface area to increase rate of ernergy release

33
Q

What’s do ribosomes do

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm

34
Q

How are animal cells different to bacterial cells

A

Animal cells unlike bacteria have processes in the nucleus, the nucleus controls activities of cell in animals

35
Q

What’s parts to animal cells have in common with plant cells

A

A nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

36
Q

What are the organelles that plants only have

A

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

Vacuole

37
Q

What are chloroplast

A

They are full of chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

38
Q

What’s the cell wall in plants

A

Made of cellulose

Provides structure to catch light energy

39
Q

What’s the vacuole

A

It’s a storage area filled with sap to keep cell turgid

40
Q

What are plants often green

A

They contain green chlorophyll

41
Q

What’s biconcave

A

It. Describes a shape that dip curves inwards on both sides

42
Q

What are ova (ovum singular)

A

Eggs

43
Q

What’s an axon

A

The extension on a nerve fell along which electrical impulses travel

44
Q

What the myelin sheath

A

The insulating cover on the axon on a nerve cell, it’s speeds up the electrical impulse

45
Q

What’s a xylem

A

Dead plant cells joined together into long tubes through which water flows during transpiration

46
Q

What’s transpiration

A

The gradual release of water vapour from leaves to continue the pull of water up to them from the soil

47
Q

What’s a phloem

A

Living cells that carry sugars made in photosynthesis to all cells of a plant

48
Q

What’s translocation

A

The movement of Tigard made in photosynthesis from the leaves of plants

49
Q

Tell me about red blood cells and how they a re adapted/specialised

A

They have a biconcave shape so more oxygen can be absorbed more quickly

They have no nucleus so they have more space to absorb oxygen

50
Q

Tell me about sperm cells and how they are adapted/ specialised

A

Have a tail to help them swim towards ovum

Have a Relatively large amount of mitochondria to release energy from glucose during respiration

51
Q

Tell about the nerve cell and how’s it’s adapted/ specialised

A

Have extensions (axons) to keep impulses moving quickly

Axon surrounded by myelin sheath acting like a plastic cost on a wide to insulate impulse

52
Q

What’s the purpose of nerve cells

A

Nerve impulses (electrical signals) trvael along nerve cells in the nervous system

53
Q

Tell me a bit about the nervous system

A

Made of 2 parts

central nervous system (Cns) which is made of brain and spinal cord

Them there the peripheral nervous system (pns) which is all other nerve cells that connect to Cns but spread out through body

54
Q

Tell be about muscle cells and how they are specialised

A

They are specialised so they can contract and move different parts of the body

They have large numbers of mitochondria as muscle contraction requires a lot of energy

55
Q

How many types of muscle are ther

A

3

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

56
Q

Tell me about root hair cells and how they are adapted

A

FOUND IN PLANTS

Have a small thin with one which pokes out into soil to increase surface area root is in contact with soil so more water and nutrients can be absorbed

57
Q

Tell me about a xylem cell and how they are specialised

A

In plants

They are cells that from long tubes running along the stems of plants

They carry water and dissolved minerals from roots to other areas of plants(green areas)

In day for photosynthesises, xylem tubes are made of dead cells with no end walls and no content to hollow

Have reinforced side walls to support weight of plant - side walls are strengthened by lignin

58
Q

Tell me about phloem cells and how they are specialised

A

They carry the glucose (as sucrose) made in photosynthesis from leave to other parts in cell sap(translocation)

Sugar used in respiration

Phloem cells are living

Have specialised end walls called sieve plates which have small holes

Phloem cells are arranged with xylem cells to form bundles which make up the veins Visible in a leaf

59
Q

Tell me about cell differentiation

A

After generalised cells are formed they become specialised as an organism develops

Unlike animal cells, most plant cells retain ability to differentiate throughout their lifetime - we would not be able to take plant cutting without this

60
Q

What’s an electron microscope

A

A microscope that uses electron beams in place of life to give higher mangification

61
Q

What’s an electron

A

A negatively charged subatomic particle found in surrounded shells of nucleus in an atom

62
Q

What’s resolution

A

The smallest distance between 2 separate points

63
Q

What’s the eye piece lens

A

You look through this to see your sample- often 10x

64
Q

What’s the objective lens

A

Usually 3 to choose from , 5x,10x,25x

65
Q

What’s the stage

A

This holds the sample securely often using 2 metal clips

66
Q

What’s the specimen

A

This is usually placed in a drop of water or stain on a microscope slide under a very thin glass cover slip

67
Q

What’s the mirror

A

This reflects the light up through the sample and then the objective and eye piece lens into you eye, sometimes replaced by light source

68
Q

What’s theCoarse focus

A

This quickly and easily moves the stage up and down to focus on sample

69
Q

What’s the fine focus

A

This sensitively and slowly moves the stage up and down to allow you to make image her sharp

70
Q

How do you work out goal magnification

A

Total magnification = magnification do eye piece X magnification of objective

71
Q

What triangle do you need to remember ?

A

I
A x m

I on top of triangle

A + m on bottom

I= image size

A= actual size

M=magnification

72
Q

Tell me about electron microscopes

A

They use electrons in place of light, the wavelength of electron can be up to 100,000 times smaller than that of visible light

So images can be taken at a lot Higher magnification

73
Q

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron telescope

Scanning electron telescope

74
Q

Tell me about the transmission microscope

A

They fire a large been of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen

Not all electrons pass through the specimen, image only made of electrons that do

75
Q

Tell me about the scanning microscope

A

Fire a smaller beam of electrons and scans across whole image but not all at same time, the electrons scatter from surface of sample and are detected tk make an image

Images can look three dimensional

76
Q

What are images in electron micropscopes like

A

Black and white but some scurried colour then for a more striking look

77
Q

Compare electron to light microscopes

A

Electron microscopes can magnify much more and have a greater resolution

The wavelength of light mean the maximum resolution of a light microscope is 200nm

1million manometres (nm) = 1mm

The electron microscope can resolve up to 2000 times closer than a light micropscope at a seperation of 0.1nm

Biology (12 decks)

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