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Integration finals > SAQ 2016 > Flashcards

SAQ 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

When does primary epithelial band occur?

A

When does primary epithelial band occur?

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2
Q

Name 2 structures that develop from primary epithelial band.

A
  • Dental lamina

- Vestibule

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3
Q

What is the first mesenchymal marker for tooth eruption ?

A

I

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4
Q

IEE then will collapse forming REE. State the role of REE.

A

Protect the tooth before it erupts

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5
Q

explain about the root formation of single rooted tooth.

A

i) Crown formation completes, root formation starts ii) Tooth start to erupt when 1/3 of root forms
iii) Begins with cervical loop (CL) that is responsible for root development iv) CL consist of IEE and EEE v)
Proliferates to form double layer of cells known as Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS)
vi) HERS induces outer cells of dental papilla undergo differentiation and form odontoblast
vii) Odontoblast will undergo dentinogenesis viii) Begins to secrete predentine ix) Root lengthening, HERS extends downwrad until it encloses the dental papilla x) An opening of primary apical foramen, for nerve and blood vessels left xi) After root dentin completed, HERS disintegrates
xii) Cells become epithelial rests of Malassez

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6
Q

State 2 theories of tooth eruption other than root formation theory.

A
  • Field model

- Clone model

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7
Q

Give the relationship of maxillary and mandibular teeth in ideal occlusion.

A
  • All teeth is in contact with two opposing teeth except 18 and 41
  • 13 located between 43 and 44
  • Mesiobuccal cusp of 16 is in contact with mesiobuccal groove of 46
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8
Q

State the condition of the relationship in the Class II malocclusion.

A

i) Class II, Div I
- Mesiobuccal cusp of 16 is anterior to the mesiobuccal groove of 46
- Anterior teeth, especially central incisors, are protuded
- Incisors display proclined position
ii) Class II, Div II
- Similar to Div I onlt that the central incisors are retroclined

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9
Q

What causes mesial drift?

A
  • Anterior component of occlusal force
  • Contraction of transeptal ligament
  • Soft tissue pressure
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10
Q

State one function of the following cranial nerve nuclei:

Edinger-westphal, nucleus solitarius

A
  • Edinger-westphal = Parasympathetic stimulation

- Nucleus solitarius : Sensory nucleus for vagus nerve (Taste)

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11
Q

Name two cranial nerve associated with the following salivatory nuclei:

Superior salivatory nucleus, Inferior salivatory nucleus

A
  • Superior salivatory nucleus : Facial nerve

- Inferior salivatory nucleus: Glossopharyngeal nerve

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12
Q

Denticulate ligament

A
  • Flat membranous, continuation of the pia mater - Located at midline between ventral & dorsal root.
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13
Q

Cauda equina

A
  • A horse tail-shaped bundle of spinal nerve originating from L5 level
  • Nerves that are responsilbe for the innervation of the lower limbs
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14
Q

Conus medullaris

A
  • Terminal portion of the spinal cord

- Forms around the level of L1

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15
Q

Filum terminale

A
  • A strand of connective tissue at the extend from tip of conus medullaris
  • Composed of the pia mater
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16
Q

What are the three meninges layer?

A

Pia, arachnoid & dura matter

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17
Q

What is the tract that cause Friedreich’s ataxia?

A

Spinocerebellar tract

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18
Q

Name 3 structures that make up the interatrial septum.

A
  • Septum primum
  • Septum intermedium
  • Septum secundum
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19
Q

Bronchiole

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia & goblet cell

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20
Q

Alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelial cell

21
Q

Give the formula for alveolar ventilation.

A 
VA = (VT-VD) × f
VT = Tidal volume VD = Dead space f = Respiration rate
22
Q

Give 2 factors that can affect lung compliance.

A
  • Alveolar surface tension

- Elasticity of lung tissue

23
Q

Define lung compliance.

A

Change of lung volume from per unit of change in transpulmonary pressure

24
Q

With the aid of flow chart explainhow excess mucous could block smell sensation.

A
  • Excess mucous is due to the bacteria infection
  • Results in the swelling of membrane of the nose
  • Odor molecules dissolves & less concentrated
  • Sensory receptors of olfactory cell in olfactory bulb less sensitive
  • Stimulus cannot be transmitted through the olfactory nerve
  • Less smell detected in the brain.
25
Q

How does lost sensation of smell and taste affect Mrs Bridget’s well being?

A

Loss sense of smell and taste cannot generate the flavour of food

26
Q

State ONE theoretical model that explain taste sensation.

A
  • Labelled-line model
  • Individual receptor cell is tuned with single taste modalities
  • Innervated by individually tuned nerve fiber.
27
Q

State the anomaly of this tooth that is found in Caucasoids and the area of the anomaly. (1 m)

A

Cusp of Carabelli, mesiolingual cusp area of 16/26

28
Q

State other anomaly that usually occur on the furcation area of this multirooted tooth.

A

Taurodontism

29
Q

Type of mutation in sickle cell anaemia.

A

Point mutation

30
Q

Technique to detect sickcle cell anaemia.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

31
Q

Steps of the technique, pcr

A

i) Denature the DNA strand in the 94o C
ii) Anneal the DNA with the primers in 37-65oC
iii) Extend the DNA synthesis from primers using Taq DNA polymerase at 70-75oC

32
Q

What are the facial prominences that give rise to cleft lip and palate?

A
  • Lack of fusion between medial nasal process and maxillary process
  • Lack of fusion between primary palate or palatine shelves or between primary and secondary
    palate
33
Q

Outline the development of anterior two thirds of the tongue

A
  • Anterior 2/3 of tongue develop from first pharyngeal arch
  • Three swellings, two from lingual swelling and 1 from tuberculum impar
  • Lingual swelling enlarge and merges with each other & tuberculum impar
  • Innervation to this area is lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve.
34
Q

Poiseulle’s equation,

A
  • Airway radius determine the airway resistance
  • Airway radius ↑, airway resistance ↓
  • Flow of air ↑
  • Most important factor, raised to the fourth power
35
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone in protein metabolism?

A
  • Uptake of amino acid into the cell ↑
  • [Amino acid] in the plasma ↓
  • Rate of protein synthesis ↑
  • Positive nitrogen balance
36
Q

Name two hypothalamic hormone that stimulate growth hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

A
  • Growth Hormone releasing Hormone (GHRH)

- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

37
Q

State the effect of insulin to

A
  • Plasma potassium level :↑

- Hepatic glycogenolysis :↓

38
Q

Name two metabolites that stimulate insulin release from pancreas

A

Glucose and amino acids

39
Q

Normal range of fasting plasma glucose level

A

4.0 – 6.0 mmol/L ( 72 – 108 mg/dL )

40
Q

Explain the effect of angiotensin II.

A
  • Stimulates aldosterone production
  • Leads to sodium retention, reabsorbed from the plasma
  • Water will follow the direction of sodium
  • Angiotensin II also stimulates ADH which causes water reabsorption from collecting ducts
  • Activation of receptors causes vasoconstriction of renal arteries, RBF ↓
41
Q

Define and give formula of renal clearance.

A

Volume of plasma that completely cleared of the substance in one minute

42
Q

Body fluid composition( ECF,ICF,ISF,Plasma-each berapa percent?)

A
  • ECF: 20% of TBW
  • ICF: 40% of TBW
  • ISF
  • Plasma
43
Q

Give source of energy during starvation.

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycogen
  • Amino acids
44
Q

What is the most important organ that the hormone mentioned in

A

Liver

45
Q

State the hormone released during starvation

A

Glucagon

46
Q

Explain why less energy is produced in oxidation of odd numbered unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • It skips one step

- Does not undergo oxidation of acyl CoA to trans-Δ-enoyl-CoA, FADH2 not produced

47
Q

What is the extra enzyme invoved in oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, double bond at odd
numbered carbon?

A

Enoyl CoA isomerase

48
Q

How are activated fatty acids transported?

A
  • Fatty acyl carnitine transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane in exchange for
    carnitine by an antiport translocase
  • In mitochondrial matrix, fatty acyl carnitine reacts with CoA in a reaction catalyzed by carnitine
    acyltransferase II (CAT-II), yields fatty acyl CoA and carnitine
  • Fatty acyl CoA is now ready to undergo beta-oxidation
49
Q

Write the chemical equation for activation of fatty acids.

A

R-COOH + CoASH + ATP R-CO-SCoA + AMP + PPi

Integration finals (19 decks)

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