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Phase 1 SAQ/MEQ > SAQ 2014 > Flashcards

SAQ 2014 Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of plasma cell membranes

A
  1. fluid - lateral diffusion of membrane proteins + cell mobility
  2. polar lipid composition - variable permeability
  3. breaks and tears are sealed spontaneously due to polar nature of lipids
    a. isolate cell cytoplasm from external environment
    b. regulate change of essential subs
    c. communicate with other cells
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2
Q

what 3 main lipid groups make up the membrane layer of cell?

A

phospholipids
glycolipids
cholesterol

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3
Q

2 internal organelles of the cell derived from the membrane and are involved in protein synthesis?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

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4
Q

in what organelle does the TCA cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

2 situations where you have to breach confidentiality

A
  1. pt is in danger, e.g. exploitation
  2. in the public’s interest e.g. a crime or they are a thread
  3. the pt has consented, e.g have a rare disease and useful for education
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6
Q

when you do decide to breach confidentiality what obligation do you have toyour pt?

A

only tell what is necessary and tell them you will be breaching confidentiality

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7
Q

in virtue ethics, what quality underpins confidentiality?

A

trustworthiness

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8
Q

what part of stomach are patieral and chief cells found in?

A

body and fundus

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9
Q

what do parietal and chief cells secrete?

A 
parietal = hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
chief = pepsinogen
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10
Q

when food enters duodenum what cause the inhibition of parietal cells?

A

acid, distension, hypertonic solutions, AAs and FAs in the small intestine reflexively inhibit gastric acid secretion. This inhibition is mediated by short and long neural reflexes and by hormones (enterogastrones including CCK and secretin) that inhibit acid secretion by influencing the 4 signals that directly control acid secretion: ACh, histamine, gastrin and somatostatin.

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11
Q

what two substances cause the release of gastric acid by stimulating histamine?

A

ACh and gastrin

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12
Q

what are bile salts made from?

A

cholesterol, lecithin?

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13
Q

where do bile salts begin to be reabsorbed and where is the majority absorbed?

A

duo

majority = ileum

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14
Q

what epithelium lines the trachea?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

3 functions the epithelium in trachea does to protect against pathogens?

A

secretes mucous - sticks
muco-ciliary escalator
simulates cough reflex

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16
Q

alveolar macrophages - 3 roles they play in host defence of the lung

A

innate immune system
phagocytosis
PRRs
PAMPs

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17
Q

what cell found in blood are macrophages derived from?

A

monocytes

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18
Q

R + L main bronchus definition

A

right is more vertical, shorter and wider

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19
Q

2 reasons for failing to quit smoking

A

nicotine addiction
fear of weight gain
as a solution to stress
habit

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20
Q

what stages to quoting follow pre contemplation?

A

contemplation
planning
action
maintenance

relapse

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21
Q

NHS ‘ready steady stop’, 2 other ways in which a pt could be helped to quit smoking

A

hypnosis,
NRT,
e-cigarettes

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22
Q

primary preventions for smoking

A 
increase legal age of buying
tax on cigarettes
no adverts for cigarettes
public indoor smoking ban
no cigarettes visible in shops
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23
Q

2 effects of oestrogen on endometrium

A

thickens smooth muscle of uterus

softening of cervic and pelvic ligaments

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24
Q

histological features of secretory phase of endometrium

A

tortous glands
spiral arteries
stromal odema/increased bulk
secretions in lumens of glands

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25
Q

what secretes progesterone after ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

26
Q

2 types of cell in a normal ovary that secrete oestrogen?

A

stromal/thecal, granulosa

27
Q

what do ___ secrete?
thyroid follicular cells
thyroid parafollicular cells

A

thyroid

calcitonin

28
Q

what are the 2 components need to make the follicular cell secretion?

A

iodine

tyrosine

29
Q

function of thyroidperoxidase?

A

liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin

30
Q

secretion of follicular cells in thyroid gland is bound to what 2 proteins to be transported round the body?

A

thyroid binding protein

albumin

31
Q

2 functions of the hormone secreted by the thyroid follicular cells?

A

increase BMR
CNS development
increased use of Na/K/ATPase channels
potentiates catecholamines

32
Q

where in the cell is the receptor for thyroid?

A

nucleus

thryroid is an amine hormone (other 2 categories are peptides - in blood, plasma membrane receptor and steroids - needs cholesterol to carry + has intracellular receptor)

33
Q

what is the calculation for BP using CO and PVR?

A

BP = CO x PVR

as flow = pressure/resistance

34
Q

2 sites where arterial baroreceptors are found

A

aortic arch, carotid sinus

35
Q

what repels albumin the the slit diaphragm between foot processes in the GFB?

A

uncharged glycolax

36
Q

buffer system that regulates blood pH, and a buffer system that excretes the daily acid load

A

in blood: bicarbonate buffer system

alkaline phosphate excretes acid load

37
Q

which 2 non-pharmacological factors affect K+ secretion in the nephron

A

Na+ conc
blood vol
GFR
aldosterone levels

38
Q

2 hormones involved in the renal response to blood volume

A

ADH
aldosterone
angiotensin II

39
Q

what cranial nerve carries visual info from the eyes?

A

optic

40
Q

where is primary visual cortex located (Brodmanns area 17)

A

occipital lobe - calcarine sulcus

41
Q

what 3 structures do the visual fibres pass through before reaching primary visual cortex?

A

optic tract
optic chiasm
optic radiation

42
Q

difference between temporal and nasal retina pathways?

A

nasal retina decussate at the optic chasm.

temporal retina do not cross and stay ipsilateral

43
Q

what structure do the visual pathways synapse

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

44
Q

which 2 nerves are involved in the pupillary reflex?

A

oculomotor, optic

45
Q

<p>which part of the brain detect the following: 1. pain awareness 2. pain sensation 3. emotional response 4. positional awareness</p>

A

<p>1. brainstem</p>

<p>2. somatosensory cortex</p>

<p>3. amygdala</p>

<p>4. cerebellum</p>

46
Q

which spinal tract conveys fine touch and proprioception and where does it decussate?

A

dorsal medial lemnisci/dorsal column.

decussates at the medulla

47
Q

which spinal tract conveys pain, temp and coarse touch and where does it decussate?

A

spinothalamic

decussates 1 or 2 levels above entry

48
Q

why is pain/temp/coarse touch lost 2 levels below that of fine touch?

A

because the spinothalamic tract (crude touch and pain/temp) decussates 2 levels above its entry to the spinal chord.

49
Q

woman’s pain is diurnal, worse at night than morning. what 2 hormones involved in this pain?

A

melatonin - pineal gland

cortisol

50
Q

what type of pain do these fibres convey and are they myelinated or not?
A fibres
C fibres

A

a- sharp pain, myeliated

c- dull pain, unmyelinated

51
Q

2 psychological factors that contribute to chronic pain that won’t go away?

A

***** sadness and anxiety

52
Q

what are the 4 ligaments of the knee

A

Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament

lateral and medial colateral ligaments

53
Q

what histological material is the meniscus of the knee made from?

A

fibrocartilage(nous)

54
Q

which meniscus is fastened tightly to the tibial joint?

A

medial meniscus

55
Q

what nerves supply the compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior - femoral
medial - obturator
posterior - sciatic

56
Q

which muscles help to stabilise the knee?

A

quadriceps

57
Q

describe the sensory innervation of the hand from these nerves

  1. ulnar
  2. median
  3. radial
A
  1. unlar - medial 1.5 fingers palmer side and posterior side
  2. lateral 3.5 fingers palmer side and posterior tips of those fingers
  3. radial - posterior hand
58
Q

what muscles of the hand does the medial nerve supply?

A

2 lateral lumbricals, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis

59
Q

what makes up the carpal tunnel?

A

carpel bones and flexor retinaculum

60
Q

which nerve goes through the carpal tunnel?

A

median

Phase 1 SAQ/MEQ (10 decks)

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