MEQ 2013 1b

Question 1

main cell involved in acute inflammation

Answer 1

neutrophil

Question 2

define tidal volume

Answer 2

normal inspiration and expiration during quiet breathing. 500ml

Question 3

define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 3

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximal effort.

amount you can expire after a normal expiration

Question 4

vital capacity

Answer 4

the amount of air that can be exhaled with maximal effort after maximum inspiration

Question 5

3 factors affecting peak flow measurement

Answer 5

age
height
sex
effort

Question 6

3 structures adjacent to oesophagus that indent on a barium swallow

Answer 6

left main bronchi
aortic arch
left atrium

Question 7

3 histological layers that make up the oesophagus

Answer 7

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa

Question 8

2 autonomic nerve plexuses in oesophagus

Answer 8

meisners
auerbachs

these two make up the enteric NS

Question 9

what muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 9

cricopharyngeus

Question 10

average daily calcium intake for adult

Answer 10

700mg

Question 11

2 food groups that can provide calcium

Answer 11

dairy and meat

Question 12

3 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis

Answer 12

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D

Question 13

2 sites in GIT where calcium is actively absorbed

Answer 13

jejunum and duodenum

Question 14

what disease causes deficient mineralisation of bone in adults?

Answer 14

osteomalacia

Question 15

2 hormones produced elsewhere but activated in the kidney

Answer 15

angiotensinogen

25 hydroxy vitamin D

Question 16

how does increased serum sodium affect calcium reabsorption in the kidney?

Answer 16

it would decrease calcium reabsorption (as Ca follows sodium along the electrochemical gradient, therefore if less sodium is being reabsorbed then less calcium will also be reabsorbed. also increased GFR so more calcium excreted)

Question 17

what are the curves and grooves for in the pinna

Answer 17

(outer ear) - to focus sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

Question 18

2 muscles in the inner ear

Answer 18

tensor tympani

stapedius

Question 19

what does the ossicular chain do?

Answer 19

transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the oval window

Question 20

what do hair cells do?

Answer 20

transduction (transforming one form of energy to another)

Question 21

BMI calculation

Answer 21

weight over height (m) squared

Question 22

what BMI value means you’re overweight?

Answer 22

25-30km/m2

Question 23

2 primary prevention public health approaches weigh regards to overweight/obesity

Answer 23

healthy school meals

carbon tax

Question 24

what has changed in lifestyle behaviour to cause increased obesity?

Answer 24

sedentary

eating more fast food

Question 25

what can gov do to encourage healthy behaviour?

Answer 25

healthy rewards monetary

cheaper

Question 26

what can gov do to discourage unhealthy behaviour?

Answer 26

sugar tax

no bad food advertising

Question 27

2 risk factors for women for osteoporosis

Answer 27

menopause

eating disorders

Question 28

1 muscle that adducts the hip, 1 muscle that flexes the hip

Answer 28

flex: - iliacus / psoas / rectus femurs
add: adductor longus / brevis / magnus

Question 29

2 hormones released from AP involved in menstrual cycle

Answer 29

LH and FSH

Question 30

2 actions of oestrogen on endometrium

Answer 30

thickens uterine smooth muscle

softens cervical and pelvic ligaments

Question 31

histological features of the secretory endometrium

Answer 31

increase stroma bulk
tortuous glands
spiral arteries

Question 32

define distress and eustress

Answer 32

eustress is beneficial and motivational whereas distress is negative and harmful stress

Question 33

3 chronic stressors apart from work

Answer 33

poor health
spouse
financial worries

Question 34

4 types of consequences of stress, 1 example in each type

Answer 34

behavioural - smoking/drink
emotional - tearful, mood swings
cognitive - less concentration
biochemical - increased cortisol
physiological - increased bp

Question 35

non-pharma ways of alleviating stress

Answer 35

exercise, CBT, meditation