MEQ 2013 1b Flashcards
main cell involved in acute inflammation
neutrophil
define tidal volume
normal inspiration and expiration during quiet breathing. 500ml
define expiratory reserve volume
amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximal effort.
amount you can expire after a normal expiration
vital capacity
the amount of air that can be exhaled with maximal effort after maximum inspiration
3 factors affecting peak flow measurement
age
height
sex
effort
3 structures adjacent to oesophagus that indent on a barium swallow
left main bronchi
aortic arch
left atrium
3 histological layers that make up the oesophagus
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
2 autonomic nerve plexuses in oesophagus
meisners
auerbachs
these two make up the enteric NS
what muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?
cricopharyngeus
average daily calcium intake for adult
700mg
2 food groups that can provide calcium
dairy and meat
3 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D
2 sites in GIT where calcium is actively absorbed
jejunum and duodenum
what disease causes deficient mineralisation of bone in adults?
osteomalacia
2 hormones produced elsewhere but activated in the kidney
angiotensinogen
25 hydroxy vitamin D
how does increased serum sodium affect calcium reabsorption in the kidney?
it would decrease calcium reabsorption (as Ca follows sodium along the electrochemical gradient, therefore if less sodium is being reabsorbed then less calcium will also be reabsorbed. also increased GFR so more calcium excreted)
what are the curves and grooves for in the pinna
(outer ear) - to focus sound waves into the external acoustic meatus
2 muscles in the inner ear
tensor tympani
stapedius
what does the ossicular chain do?
transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the oval window
what do hair cells do?
transduction (transforming one form of energy to another)
BMI calculation
weight over height (m) squared
what BMI value means you’re overweight?
25-30km/m2
2 primary prevention public health approaches weigh regards to overweight/obesity
healthy school meals
carbon tax
what has changed in lifestyle behaviour to cause increased obesity?
sedentary
eating more fast food
what can gov do to encourage healthy behaviour?
healthy rewards monetary
cheaper
what can gov do to discourage unhealthy behaviour?
sugar tax
no bad food advertising
2 risk factors for women for osteoporosis
menopause
eating disorders
1 muscle that adducts the hip, 1 muscle that flexes the hip
flex: - iliacus / psoas / rectus femurs
add: adductor longus / brevis / magnus
2 hormones released from AP involved in menstrual cycle
LH and FSH
2 actions of oestrogen on endometrium
thickens uterine smooth muscle
softens cervical and pelvic ligaments
histological features of the secretory endometrium
increase stroma bulk
tortuous glands
spiral arteries
define distress and eustress
eustress is beneficial and motivational whereas distress is negative and harmful stress
3 chronic stressors apart from work
poor health
spouse
financial worries
4 types of consequences of stress, 1 example in each type
behavioural - smoking/drink emotional - tearful, mood swings cognitive - less concentration biochemical - increased cortisol physiological - increased bp
non-pharma ways of alleviating stress
exercise, CBT, meditation
