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Microbiology SJSM > Santosh Review for Block 3 > Flashcards

Santosh Review for Block 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Diagnosis Parameters for aseptic meningitis in a CSF sample
“A PIN”

A

Antibodies in CSF indicate Aseptic Meningitis

If the:
CSF Ab titre/Serum Ab titre > 1/100

Look for:
- High levels of protein
- Neutrophilic pleocytosis
- Intracellular pathogens

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2
Q

Prion virus:
“RABiD RAPS”

A

Turns Alpha helical PrPc into Beta-pleated PcPsc & it’s resistant to autoclaving & proteases

Causes: CJD
- High PrPsc & Ab in CSF
- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis
- Rapidly progressive dementia
- Sporadic

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3
Q

Hep B Serological Markers:

Acute Infection

A

HBsAg (+)
HBsAb (-)
HBcAb-IgM (acute)

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4
Q

Hep B Serological Markers:

Chronic Infection (high vs low inf)

A

HBsAg (+)
HBsAb (-)
HBcAb-IgG (chronic)
HBeAg (+= active rep & high inf)
HBeAb (+=low inf)

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5
Q

Hep B Serological Markers:

Window

A

HBsAg (-)
HBsAb (-)
HBcAb-IgM (acute)
HBeAg (+)

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6
Q

Hep B Serological Markers:

Past inf/recovery

A

HBsAg (-)
HBsAb (+)
HBcAb-IgG (chronic)

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7
Q

Hep B Serological Markers:

Immunized

A

HBsAg (-)
HBsAb (+)
HBcAb (-)

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8
Q

Meanings of Hep B serological markers

A
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9
Q

Retroviruses:
“LiaRS”
Genome

Polymerase type

2 Subfamilies

A

Linear +ssRNA

RDDP (RNA —> DNA provirus)

Oncovirinae (HTLV I/II) & Lentivirinae (HIV)

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10
Q

Epstein-Barr (herpes family)

Features (pathogenesis, infections, trans, & symptoms)

Antigens

Lab Diagnostics

EBV specific infections

A

A
Patho =
It infects B-cells via the C3 receptor site, immortalizing them

Infections = mononucleosis (kissing disease) which is Heterophile POSITIVE or monopile POSITIVE (causes agglutination in the sheep blood)

Trans= spit (active or latent inf)

Symptoms =
- Fever, headache, sore throat, & swollen lymph nodes (neck)
Sometimes causes = Splenomegaly & exudative pharyngitis

Important antigens = viral capsid antigen
Other = Early antigen + nuclear antigen

Lab Diagnostics
- IgM against VCA means an acute infection
- Ab against Early antigens + nuclear antigens is helpful to ID
- non-specific heterophile antibodies are made too

Specific infections:
- Chinese dude = nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- AIDS = lymphomas, oral-hairy leukoplakia (hairy ass tongue), & interstitial pneumonitis
- Burkitts lymphoma = mass on jaw or abdominal disease in little Afro-American kids/young adults

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11
Q

Parvovirus B19
“parvovirus is INSiDe Dusty ACs & EIther Enters From HarmFul air”

Properties (shape, genome, transmission, & effects)

Associated conditions

treat

A

An Icosahedral shaped naked virus that has ssDNA and infects humans

Trans = via airborne droplets to close contacts

Infects = It establishes infection in erythroid cells (adults’ bone marrow & Infants’ liver)

Causes =
- Febrile illness (in blood recipients)
- Aplastic crisis (patients with hemolytic anemia)
- Erythema infectiosum (aka 5th disease in healthy people)
- Hydrops fetalis (congenital infection)

Ass. with conditions =
- Encephalitis
- Neuropathies
- Myocarditis
- Nephritis
- SLE (sys. Lupus erythematosus)
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura (purpura, arthritis, & abdominal pain)
- Rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment =
- *Mainly supportive care
- fever use acetaminophen or ibuprofen
- Itching use a topical anesthetic or antihistamine
- Chronic parvovirus infection, use IV Immunoglobulins (IVIG)
- Aplastic crisis use packed RBC transfusions

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12
Q

Mechanism of action of ACYCLOVIR to treat Herpes

A

It acts against Thymidine-kinase (herpes uses it to replicate)

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13
Q

Hemadsorption
Infected cells with an enveloped virus containing hemagglutinin

A

The virus inserts hemagglutinins in the host’s cell membrane, so when it absorbs RBCs in modified areas of the membrane, it fuels the maturation of progeny viruses
Hemagglutinin tests will show RBCs specifically binding to the infected cells

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14
Q

CSF use in diagnostics
Main diseases it ID

A

CSF normally has little-to-no antibodies, but it’s mainly used to diagnose HSV & VZV encephalitis

If CSF titre/serum antibody titre is greater than 1/100 it means there’s meningitis

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15
Q

Polyomavirus-papovaridae
Human infections
JCV“Dumb JOCK Missed the Pass”
BKV“Bad Kidneys don’t Vent Harsh Chemicals”
MCV
Epi/Pathogenesis
Lab diagnosis & treatment

A

JCV = associated with progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy, a rare & fatal disease that causes demyelination. It usually impacts AIDs patients
Features= JCV reactivates & infects the CNS (via the blood), causing cytocidal infection in oligodendrocytes leading to demyelination
Sympt progression =- Early: impaired speech & mental capacity- Later (fast): Paralysis & lost motor capacity- Death: 3-6 months after symptom onset
BKV = Hemorrhagic cystitis in AIDs & nephropathic patients
Features = Urine shedding is super prevalent (more than viremia, it’s 10 times higher than shedding is serum)
Tests=- Serology (seroprevalence is nearly ubiquitous)- Infected renal tubular cells (decoy cells) deteriorate too fast (urine microscopy is limited)
Test = Steroids don’t work; use antivirals (cidofovir)
MCV = Associated with Merkle cell carcinoma, a rare & aggressive form of skin cancer
Epi/Patho =
JCV & BKV: transmitted via droplets via the resp or urine. Patients are typically infected in childhood, and normally, antibodies are made.&The infection spreads from resp + urine to the kidneys, where they can lay dormant in the tubular epi of healthy people
Lab Diag & Treat =
BKV: DNA hybridization in urineJCV: In PM, lesions in brain tissue
No antiviral treatment or vaccines (cause it’s generally asymptomatic)

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16
Q

Adenoviruses
Properties (shape, genome, effects)
Types A-G
A
B “BARs are PerFeCt for Cold Henesy”C “5 CARs CLATter”
D “DESK”
E “ Krusty Fucking EyEs”
F & G “Fucking GAG”
Testing for Adenoviruses
Using them as therapeutics

A

Shape = icosahedral, NAKED, dsDNA its capsid has:
Fibre + penton –> These are host protein receptors that determine the virus’s tissue infectivity
Hexon –> This is the most abundant capsid protein, which is a target for the immune system
Genome = It has a big dsDNA (35kbp), and it encodes its own DNA pol and regulator factors so it can replicate in the nucleus (no lysing + immunity is long-lasting)
Causes =- Hemagglutination (via the fibre capsid protein), so you can use the hemagglutination inhibition test
It infects quiescent cells (non-dividing) to make them divide & its expressed proteins block the host’s immune system/ blocks cytokines (TNFa & interferons), and increases the viruses’ replication/transcription/& translation
Types:
A = Animals only
B = Acute respiratory disease, pharyngeal-conjunctival fever, & hemorrhagic cystitis
C = 5% of acute respiratory infections in children, which can persist as latent infections in the adenoids and tonsils
D = Episodic and sporadic kerato-conjunctivitis (pink eye)
E = Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and fever
F & G = Acute gastroenteritis
Testing for adenoviruses:
Assessing high levels of neutralizing antibody titer & ELISA (poop analysis)
Adenoviruses as therapeutic agents:- Used as antigen vectors (aka a gene delivery system via replacing deficient genes (Feline immunodeficiency virus), promoting cytotoxicity & amelioration of the disease (reducing its severity i.e. pseudorabies virus)

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17
Q

Viral receptors on host cells & their viruses
“I Pee CHAtteRing with EVery CREep in the HoTtub”
ICAM
CD4
Ach
EGF
CR2/CD21
HVEM
Sialic acid

A

ICAM = intracellular adhesion i.e polio
CD4 = lymphocyte marker (helper) i.e HIV
Ach = neurotransmitter i.e rabies
EGF = growth factor i.e vaccina
CR2/CD1 = complement factor i.e Epstein-Barr
HVEM = TNF-family i.e herpes
Sialic acid = a part of the extracellular glycoproteins i.e Influenza, corona, & reovirus

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18
Q

(-)ssRNA Replication process (Build-a-bitch) (-)–>(+)—>(-)

A

The virion uses the RDRP in its cores cytoplasm for primary transcription of (-)sense RNA to make mRNA, (+)sense RNA, & the replicative complex —> It translates its mRNAs to accumulate products (virion proteins etc) —> the virion proteins interact with the replicative complex to cause it to make more full-length (+)sense RNA intermediates (therefore more genomic/parental (-)sense RNA) —> Secondary transcription happens with the progeny (-)sense RNA (then translation and accumulation of products i.e structural proteins)—-> Finally the nucleocapsid is assembled and matured, as it buds through the host cell’s membrane it will acquire its viral envelope

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19
Q

(+)ssRNA Replication process (Host whores) (+)—>(-)—>(+)

A

The virion translates its RNA into mRNA via the host’s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase —> It then uses a (+) sense template to make (-) sense intermediates via RDRP —> from the intermediate (-) sense it makes both (+) sense & mRNA, which it translates to make proteins —> the proteins, mRNA, & (+) sense RNA are them assembled into mature viruses

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20
Q

CPE inclusion bodies

A

Adenovirus intranuclear inclusion bodies

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21
Q

CPE inclusion bodies

A

Rabies Negri bodies

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22
Q

CPE inclusion bodies

A

HSV Cowdry A bodies

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23
Q

CPE inclusion bodies

A

CMV Owl’s eye inclusions

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24
Q

CPE inclusion bodies:
HPV

A

HP bodies

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25
LCMV (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) "LCMV StREtcHes MAny PIECes BeFore My REcoveRy" -Transmission - Genome/Family - Lab diagnosis - Patho - Treatment
Trans: -Common house mouse -Vertical transmission from mom (AIDs) - Organ transplant Genome: -ssRNA, enveloped/helical Family: Arenaviridae Lab: Clinical history Serological ELISA Immunofluorescence assay PCR Look for Leukopenia & thrombocytopenia Patho: It attaches to host cell receptors via its glycoproteins & causes biphasic febrile illness (initial: fever/no appetite, head/muscle aches, malaise etc (later: post-recovery meningitis + encephalitis Treat: Supportive care or Early Ribavirin (IV)
26
Viral genetics (basics) +ssRNA VS -ssRNA
+ssRNA: Code directly for protein (+)--> (-) --> (+) -ssRNA: Comes with its own RDRP for primary transcription (-) --> (+) --> (-)
27
Vaccine genetics Live attenuated vaccines "live In MY Road Van" Killed vaccines "killed RHAT" Subunit/purified (AIDS approved) "purIfied HAB" Virus-like particle vaccine Protein-polysaccharide conjugate viral vectored bacterial/APC vectored
Live MMR, Yellow fever, influenza, Rotavirus, VZV etc. Killed: Rabies, Hep A, Influenza, Subunit/purified: Influenza, Hep B/A etc. Virus-like: HPV PPC: H. influenza B etc Viral V: Ebola B/APC: Experimental
28
Vaccine genetics pathways: Coronavirus
---> Coronavirus invades cell via spike protein & ACE2 receptor (host) binding ---> Virus infuses (via M protein) & its RNA is released in host ---> Viral RNA is translated into proteins ---> Proteins assemble & are released ---> APC ingests virus & helper T-cells activate B-cells (Ab) & CD8 (Attack)
29
Viral genetics: mRNA vaccines
---> mRNA enters the host cell via injection ---> triggers cells to make spike proteins which are recognized by the immune system ---> Lymphocytes make Ab to trigger an immune response
30
Common causes of encephalitis & meningitis are
Enteroviruses (Naked icosahedral ssRNA virus) - 70 ( hemorrhagic conjunctivitis) - **71 ( aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralytic poliomyelitis, HFM disease) HIGH PATHOGENICITY - 72 (Related to Hep A) Note: Polio/cox- encephalitis Polio/cox/echo- meningitis
31
Coxsackie A & B
A: Diffuse myositis, acute inflammation, & necrosis of voluntary muscle - Herpangina B: Focal areas of brain degeneration, skeletal muscle necrosis, & changes in inflammation of the pancreas, fat pads, & myocardium - HFM disease - Endemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) - Myocarditis - pancreatitis/diabetes
32
Mumps sequelae (complications) "DreaMy PyJAMas"
Meningitis (15%) Deafness (rare) Pancreatitis Myocarditis Joint pain/ arthritis (adults)
33
HPV "PINcH & PoKE" Serotypes Oncogenes Lab findings Vaccines
Serotypes: HPV 16 & 18 Cause cancer in the oropharynx/genitals & Condylomata/ venereal warts Oncogenes: E6 = Blocks P53 E7 = Blocks PRb Lab findings: - Koliocytes (Papanicolaou staining), aka cells with structural changes: Nuclear enlargement Irregular membranes Hyperchromasia Perinuclear halos
34
Surface receptors of adenoviruses Fibre Hexon Penton
Fibre: Mediates hemagglutination Hexon: target for the immune system (most abundant) Penton: tissue specificity
35
Hep E Family/Genome Transmission source High-risk patient Serology markers (acute +chronic)
Family: like calciviridae Genome: +ssRNA, unenveloped virus Trans-source: - unclean water & raw shellfish/fruits/vegs High risk: Preggos 1-3% case fatality rate Serology: Acute (+IgM-HEV, High ALT, & virus in poop) Chronic (+IgG-HEV, Low ALT, & NO virus in poop)
36
Parvovirus Genome Main diseases (2)
Genome: Naked, Icosahedral +ssDNA virus Diseases: 1: Erthymatous infectiousum (Slapped cheek syndrome/5th disease) 2: Aplastic anemia/reticulocytosis (Sickle-cell) B19 infects the progenitor erythroid cells
37
Targets for HIV meds "FIRP"
Fusion inhibitors --->(Block virion binding/entry) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors ---> (in cyto, they block the translation of viral RNA to DNA) Integrase inhibitor ---> (in nucleus, they block viral integrase from inserting the viral genome into the host's DNA) Protease inhibitor ---> (in cyto, they block proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors so mature virions can't be assembled)
38
Disease & Drug of choice Influenza A, B, C RSV Hep B "LEAThEr" Hep C JC
Influenza A= Amantidine, Rimantidine, Oseltamivir, & Zanamivir B & C= Oseltamivir & Zanamivir RSV = Ribavirin Hep B = - Lamivudine (3TC) - Emtricitabine (FTC) - Adefovir - Tenofovir - Entecavir Hep C = Alpha-INF (Pegylated) + Ribavirin JC = Cidofovir
39
Drugs & diseases Acyclovir Ganciclovir Cidofovir
A: HSV, VZV, & some CMV G: HSV, VSV, & CMV C: CMV, HSV, HPV, & POX
40
Hep B & C treatments (more detail)
B: Alpha INF (pegylated) ** Lamivudine (nucleoside analogue @ 100mg/day) - Adefovir dipivoxil (is nephrotoxic at high doses use 10mg/day) - Entecavir (0.5-1 mg/day) C: Alpha-INF (pegylated) + Ribavirin (Triphosphorylated by the host's cell, it inhibits MP-ionosine 5' monophosphate DH to deplete GTP)
41
AZT (Azidothymidine/Zidovudine) "MY LATe BMS" Side effects
Bone marrow suppression Lactic acidosis Myopathy
42
Rabies Category Treatment Labs
Catagory III: Transdermal bite (Treat!) PET (Post Exposure Treatment: - 5 doses of HDCV at 0,3,7,14, & 28 days post-exposure - HRIG (Rabies immunoglobulins + equine form) injections most at the wound site, the rest in the glutes Note: Vaccines are purified Labs: Negri bodies
43
Coronavirus "PoRSH" Genome Surface proteins Causes Treatment
Genome: Helical enveloped +ssRNA virus Surface proteins: - Spike (mediates attachment) - E (envelope protein that binds ACE2) - M (membrane protein) - N (nucleocapsid protein) Causes: reps in cyto - SARS (Asia): binds to ACE2 receptor on the mucosa (atypical pneumonia, fever, non-productive cough, dyspnea, hypoxia, rigors, malaise etc.) - MERS (Middle-East): binds to CD26 receptor on mucosa - ARDS - Cold Treatment: - Pfizer - Astrazeneca - Mederma - Johnson/Johnson
44
Hanta virus "Hanta ERRS" Family/Genome Vector Labs Diseases
Family: Bunyavirus Genome: Helical enveloped -ssRNA (3 segments) virus Vector: RAT poop/pee (inhaled) Labs: PCR- shows viral RNA in lungs Serum- IgMAb Diseases: - Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/Sin Nombre virus (cough, dyspnea, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, effusion, & hypotension) - Korean Hemorrhagic fever (shock, headache, petechial hemorrhages, & renal failure)
45
Retroviruses Genome 2 subfamilies
Genome: Linear Icosahedral +ssRNA virus with an RDDP (RNA--> DNA) Subfams: - Oncovirinae (HTLV I/II) - Lentrivivinae (HIV)
46
HIV Genome Patho
Genome: Complex/conical +ssRNA virus Patho: Genes gag --> p55 --> P17(Matrix), P24(Caspid), P7,9 (other) pol --> p100 --> Protease, Reverse transcriptase, Integrase env --> gb160 --> cleaved gb120 (ext. envelope) & gb 41 (transmembrane) 1. gb120 adheres to CD4 on helper T-cells 2. gb41 allows membrane fusion/entry Note the virus binds CD4, CXCR4, & CCR5 People with CCR5 Homozygous = resistant Heterozygous = longer disease progression time
47
CD4 Counts for HIV 1. CD4 More than 500 "5+ Nice stARS" 2. CD4 between 500-200 "Pay CHeCK"
1. - Acute retroviral syndrome - HIV-associated nephropathy (Focal segmented glomerulosclerosis) 2. - Oral candidiasis - TB & Community acq pneumonia - Kaposi's sarcoma - Herpes Zooster - Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
48
CD4 Counts for HIV 3. CD4 less than 200 (AIDS) "2 PoT SHoW" 4. CD4 less than 100 (AIDS) "1 CAFe Latte TSP"
3. - PCP/PJP (Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumoni) - Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim - Diss histoplasmosis - Extrapulmonary TB - Wasting - HIV Dementia 4. - CNS Toxoplasmosis (Rx Sulfadiazine & Pyrimethamine - Toxo IgG +ve (Prophylaxis Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim) - CNS Lymphoma - Cryptococcus (Rx Amphotericin B & Flucystosine/Fluconazole)
49
CD4 Counts for HIV: 5. CD4 less than 50 (AIDS) "50's PM CRAM"
5. - Non-specific spots, aka disseminated mycobacterium avium intracellulare (Rx Clarithromycin + Ethambutol + Rifabutin) & (Prophylaxis is Azithromycin or Clarithromycin) - Disseminated CMV - Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (JC reaction)
50
HIV Labs Best treatment choice & combo
Labs: - 1. ELISA (HIV Abs) - Western blot (confirms) - CD4 Count (severity) - HIV RNA PCR (fast) Treatment: 2 NRTI (Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor) + 1 PI (Protease inhibitor) OR 1 NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
51
HIV Protease inhibitor's side effects
All = lipid dystrophy Atazanavir = Hyperbilirubimia Fosamprenavir= Hyperlipidemia Indinavir= Nephrolithiasis Nelfinavir= Diarrhea Ritonavir = circumoral paraesthesia & numb extremities Saquinavir= Central obesity & peripheral wasting
52
HIV NRTI's side effects ''AFTeR SPiLLeD PiLs"
Abacavir = fatal hypersensitivity reaction Didanosine= Peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, & lactic acidosis Stavudine = peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, & lipodystrophy Tenofovir = Renal insuff & Fanconi synd
53
Poxviridae: Molluscum Contagiosum "EaRNS Kash via RAIDS" Characteristics
-ssRNA with RDRP that replicates in the dermis Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (Guarneri/B-type inclusions) in keratinocytes Dome-shaped rash on trunk/hands/feet in AIDS
54
Smallpox characteristics "ReCC BalLs"
Brick-shaped (inhaled) virus that replicates in the cytoplasm & causes lesions that all look the same Contraindicated Vaccine (vaccine virus immunoglobulin)
55
Polyomavirus (papovaridae) - Polyoma causes 1. JCV 2. BKV
1. JCV - Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (demyelinating CNS disease) in AIDS MRI/CT shows: - Asymmetrical focal zones of low attenuation (Periventricular + subcortical) - White matter cytocidal infection of oligodendrocytes Labs: DNA Hybridization PM lesions in the brain 2. BKV - Hemorrhagic cystitis & nephropathy in AIDS Labs: Urine microscopy shows Decoy cells & high urine shedding Treat Cidofovir (IV)
56
Orthomxyovirus (influenzas) M1/M2 Proteins
M1= Matrix protein that's activated by M2 M2 = Acidifies the endosome to uncoat influenza (pH-dependent membrane fusion) to release activated M1 & Viral RNP's (replicate to form cRNA and do glycosylation+acetylation in RER)
57
Influenza Antigenic Shift vs Drift
Shift: new strain + Pandemics Influenza A only (major changes = new strain) Drift: Epidemics Influenza A+B (minor changes = varied strains)
58
Influenza genetic reassortment
Happens in pigs when avian +human combine in swine to make a reassorted human strain
59
Influenza A Labs
Labs: - Rapid immunofluorescence (detect Ag in pharyngeal swab) - Serological ELISA (Ab titre) - Haemagglutination inhibition test - RT-PCR Viral culture
60
Influenza Treatment
A: Rimantidine + Amantadine (work against M2) Oseltamivir + Zanamivir (Prevent sialic acid destruction & progeny release) B+C: Oseltamivir + Zanamivir (nausea) (exacerbate reactive airway disease)
61
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial virus) Family/Genome Diseases Patho Treatment
Family: Pneumovirus Genome: ssRNA Patho: invades resp epi & causes necrosis of bronchi/ioles to form mucus plugs (fibrin/mucus/debris) which obstruct the narrower airways in kiddos (its big virion is activated by dryness/acid) Diseases : - Infant 6-7 months = respiratory distress/atypical pneumonia - pneumonia - bronchiolitis - cold (adults) Treatment: - healthy infants = supportive therapy - AIDS = Ribavirin (guanosine nucleotide analog) - Pre-mee infants = Palivizumab (Humanized RSV monoclonal AB) to prevent complications of RSV in lungs
62
HSV Lab HSV1 vs 2 Space occupying lesions
Labs: - Tzank stain shows Cowdry A bodies & multinucleated giant cells HSV1: Trigeminal - Gingivostomatitis - Diss infection in esophagus (AIDs) - Herpetic Whitlow HSV2: Sacral - Primary/recurrent genital herpes - Neonatal herpes - Aseptic meningitis Space-occupying lesions: - Fulminant + sporadic hemorrhagic necrosis of the temporal lobes - Oral vascular lesions
63
Paramyxoviruses (childhood) Mumps "LiaRS" - Genome - Symptoms - Sequelae (complications) - Labs - Treatment
Genome: Linear -ssRNA Symptoms: - Fever, malaise, parotitis (big ass neck) - Anorexia, swollen parotid gland - swollen testicles + orchitis Sequelae: - Meningitis (~15%) - Deafness (rare) - Pancreatitis - Myocarditis - Joint paint + arthritis Labs: - PCR - ELISA Treatment: - MMR vaccine ( 3 live attenuated viruses (long-term immunity)
64
Mumps Sequelae (complications) patho
Sequelae: - meningitis (~15%) - Deafness (rare) - Pancreatitis - Myocarditis - Joint pain & arthritis Patho: 7-10 days = spreads to spleen + lymph 15 days = viremia 18 days = disease
65
Paramyxoviruses (childhood) Measles Symptoms Complications Labs Treatment
Symptoms (inhales trans) - Fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash (starts at the head and moves down ~14 days) & Kopliks spots (irregular bright-red spots with blue/white center) Complications: - Ear infection - Pneumonia - Diarrhea - Post-infection measles encephalitis Lab: PCR-Ab (swabs/blood) Viral isolation on monkey human kidney culture shows giant-multinucleated cells + inclusion bodies) Treat: Live attenuated virus MMR (2 dose program (12-15 months) & (8-12yrs) side effect= pneumonia & atypical measles
66
Parainfluenza Serotypes & ass condition Genome characteristics
Serotypes: 1-3 Ass. condition: Laryngotracheobrochitis (Croup) with SEAL BARKING COUGH Genome: Large enveloped (-) sense RNA activated via dryness/acid Characteristics: - Giant cells & lyse
67
Acyclovir Composition Treats Mech of action
Comp: A cyclic nucleoside guanosine analog + active triphosphate moiety Treats: HSV,VZV, CMV Mech of action: ---> Thymidine kinase turns it into acyclovir monophosphate ---> cellular kinases then turn it into acyclovir triphosphate ---> Acyclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits Viral DNA Pol & terminates the Viral DNA Chain Note mutations to thymidine kinase = drug resistance
68
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) Genome/Family Diseases Patho Labs
Genome: linear dsDNA Family: HHV4 (Herpesviridae) Diseases: - Burkitts lymphoma (mass in jaw) - Nasal pharyngeal carcinoma (Chinese) -** Infectious mononucleosis (heterophile & monopile + (agglutination in sheep blood) - Exudative pharyngitis - Lymphomas - Oral-hairy leukopenia (tongue) -Interstitial pneumonitis Patho: - EBV blocks interferon synthesis & binds via viral receptors CR2/CD1 to the complement pathways (CD3) Labs: - IgM vs VCA = Acute infection - Ab vs early Ag ID - Mononuclear spot
69
Describe each corner of the flow cytometry chart
70
Why do we have drugs that target HIV & HEP B? "RIPE"
- RDDP - Incomplete - Partial + strand - Need enzyme

Microbiology SJSM (12 decks)

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