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Microbiology SJSM > Quiz 1 Bacteria > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anaerobes (can’t breath air)

A

Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Bacteriodes, Actinomyces

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2
Q

Facultative anaerobes (can tolerate o2) (SSN)

A

Streptococci, staphylococci, gram negative bacteria

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3
Q

Aerobes (use/need o2) (N,PA,MT,BP)

A

Nocardia, Mycobacterium TB, Psuedomonas aruginosa, Bordetella pertussis

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4
Q

Capsulated bacteria (Please SHiNE my SKiS) meningitis + pneumonia-causing bacteria

A

Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Haemophilus influenza (B), Escherichia E.coli, Salmonella, klebsiella pneumoniae

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5
Q

Bacterial virulence factors

A

protein A, IgA protease, M protein, Capsule

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6
Q

Protein A

A

Stops opsonization + phagocytosis

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7
Q

IgA protease + SHiN

A

cleaves IgA and lets bacteria attach to mucus membranes
Neisseria, S. pneumonia, H influenza

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8
Q

M protein

A

uses molecular mimicry to evade phagocytosis & trick the body into attacking our own cells (A streptococci)

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9
Q

Exo vs Endo toxins

A

Exotoxins: secreted by gram-negative (very toxic), botulism, cholera, diphtheria
Endotoxins: secreted by gram-positive (not very toxic) Meningitis, spesis

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10
Q

Konch’s 4 postulates

A
  1. Pathogen is present in the disease
  2. Pathogen causes disease in the host
  3. pathogen can be isolated into a new host (inocculation)
  4. pathogen in the new host is the same as the old (reinocculation)
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11
Q

MRSA infection pathway

A

Staphylococcus Aurus (gram-positive + protein A) —> COPS (Staphylococcus coagulase positive)—–> resistant to antibiotics (oxaliccin, cloxoaciccin, dicloxacallin) —-> MRSA —–> treat with vancomyocin ——> either kills the pathogen or forms VRSA

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12
Q

Gram staining steps (4)

A

primary stain (alanine/basic purple dye)
Mordant (iodine to fix smear)
Decolourization (acetone-alcohol to flush)
secondary stain (adds pink)

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13
Q

Eikenella Corrodens

A

normal mouth flora that can cause soft tissue infection with fist/bite injuries that can lead to pericarditis

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14
Q

Use penicillin of gram pos or neg bacteria

A

gram-negative = use penicillin
gram-positive = the periplasmic space means penicillin wont work

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15
Q

Proteoglycan cell wall components

A

NAG-NAM, Penicillin binding (NAG-NAM), tetrapeptide (NAG-NAG)

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16
Q

Periplasmic space

A

has B-lactamase which breaks lactom rings

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17
Q

Gram negative bacteria typically produce which one:
endo/exotoxins?

A

Endotoxins, because of the lipid A in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the cell wall (stains pink/red)

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18
Q

Gram negative bacteria typically produce which one:
endo/exotoxins?

A

Exotoxins, like teichoic acids (anonie polymers stains purple) that:
- help attach, act as an exotoxin, pro-inflammatory nature

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19
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, & Klebsiella pneumoniae all have one structural similiarity

A

they’re capsulated

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20
Q

Name 4 capsulated bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria meningitidis,
Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae

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21
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, & Klebsiella pneumoniae all have one structural similiarity

A

they’re capsulated

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22
Q

Immune response to viral/intracellular infections

A

Cell mediated (adaptive immunity)

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23
Q

Draughtsman appearance + positive Quellung reaction indicate the presence of which bacterial species?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

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24
Q

Immune response to bacterial infections

A

Humoral/antibody-mediated via interleukin 4 & 5

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25
Q

Interleukin 1 is also called _______ and it’s made by _______?

A

Endogenous pyrogen and its made by macrophages (also secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a))

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26
Q

Give the gram report of E. coli

A

Gram-negative
Bacilli
Lipid A

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27
Q

streptococci refers to what arrangement of bacteria?

A

chain arrangement

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28
Q

Give the grams report of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococci)
Lanceocate-shaped
Draughtsman appearance

This bacteria causes pneumonia and bacterial meningitis

28
Q

Give the grams report of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococci)
Lanceocate-shaped
Draughtsman appearance

This bacteria causes pneumonia and bacterial meningitis

29
Q

Give the grams report of Neissera gonorrhea/ mengitidis

A

gram negative diplococci
Polymorphs may be present

30
Q

Gram positive bacilli ex. C. perfringens that cause gangreen are susceptible to what?

A

oxygen because they’re anaerobes

31
Q

Interpret the grams report :
Gram-positive bacilli
Boxcar/bamboo appearance

A

Bacillus anthracis

32
Q

Interpret the grams report :
Gram-positive bacilli
Boxcar/bamboo appearance

A

Bacillus anthracis

33
Q

The penicillin binding protein functions to, how does penicillin impact it?

A

forms the NAG-NAM peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

Penicillin inhibits the peptidoglycan formation to kill gram positive bacteria

34
Q

Which bacterial enzymes de-activate penicillin?

A

B-lactamase/penicillinase, breaks the B-lactam ring (via hydrolysis) to expose the periplasmic space

35
Q

How do bacteria confer penicillin resistance?

A

they can change PBP —> PBP2a via the mecA gene (because it’s not suseptable to penicillin)

36
Q

How do bacteria confer penicillin resistance?

A

they can change PBP —> PBP2a via the mecA gene (because it’s not suseptable to penicillin)

37
Q

a characteristic of the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria that leads to endotoxin shock

A

Lipid A

38
Q

ZN/Ziehl’s-Neelsen’s stain is also known as

A

Acid-fast staining done for oocytes (which cause life threatening diarrhea), colour doesn’t wash away with acid/alcohol

39
Q

What is the culprit bacteria in Aids causing diarrhea?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum (an opporunitic infection that causes the presence of oocysts

40
Q

What is the culprit bacteria in Aids causing diarrhea?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum (an opporunitic infection that causes the presence of oocysts

41
Q

Quellung reaction

A

A precipitin reaction that causes capsule swelling & shows -/+ coagulase

42
Q

Capsulated, spherical yeast causing fungal meningitis in AIDs patients id called

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (an opportunistic infection caused by lymphocytic pleomorphism

43
Q

Anabolism vs catabolism

A

Anabolism (biosynthesis) builds nutrients/ cell components
Catabolism breaks down nutrients to make ATP

44
Q

Heterotrophs vs Autotrophs

A

Heterotrophs need organic carbon (more pathogenic)

Autotrophs use inorganic carbon CO2

45
Q

Siderophores

A

Iron chelating compounds (use host’s transferrins to sequester iron) ex. Catechols & Hydroxamates

E.coli uses siderophores

they secrete proteins that bind to iron tightly and import host Fe3+ and they often lead to hemachroma

46
Q

g=t/n what do the variables mean?

A

g= generation time (usually 0.5)

t= exponential growth time (total time of all generations involved)

n= number of generations

47
Q

n= 3.3 (logNt - logNo) what do the variables mean?

A

n= number of generations

logNt = number of cells at a given time

logNo = initial number of cells

47
Q

What is the optimum point for sporulation in a bacterial population growth curve?

A

middle of the stationary phase

48
Q

What is the optimum point for penicillin treatment in a bacterial population growth curve?

A

during the log/experiential growth phase (when bacteria are dividing they’re cell walls are vulnerable)

49
Q

To perform a viable cell
count via the pour plate
method, what condition
must bacteria be able to
withstand?

A

45 Degree celsius temperature

50
Q

What’s the ideal condition for psychochromophiles to grow?

A

cooler temps ~15 degrees celsius
e.x flavobacterium

51
Q

What pH and medium do fungi need to grow?

A

Low pH with sabouraud’s agar as a medium

52
Q

What coditions do mesophiles grow

A

37 degree celsius

ex. E coli

these are our pathogenic bacteria

53
Q

What is the working principle of an auto-clave

A

it applies 15lbs of pressure for 15-20 minutes to sterilize

54
Q

What is the working principle of an auto-clave

A

it applies 15lbs of pressure for 15-20 minutes to sterilize

55
Q

Halophils traits

A

these can survive salty-ass environments

ex. S. aureus

56
Q

What is absolutely essential for bacteria to avoid host defenses and establish an infection?

A

Adhesion/attachment

It can do this via:
- Fimbria ( cranberry juice inhibits E. coli type 1 fimbriae to uroepithelial cells)
- Teichoic acid (staphylococci)
- Flagella (Vibrio cholarae)
- Binding to fibronectin
- Biofilms (loose slime which helps antibiotic resistance)

57
Q

lysozyme is active primarily against gram
positive or gram-negative organisms?

A

gram-positive bacteria

58
Q

What bacteria keep vaginal pH low?

A

Lactobacilli (antibiotics suppress it and lead to an overgrowth of Candida albicans (yeast infection)

59
Q

Which acid-fast organism is present in uncircumcised men?

A

Mycobacterium smegmatis

60
Q

ID the bacteria:
- Anaerobic
- Gram-positive
- Causes pseudomembranous colitis after antibiotic treatment

A

Clostridium difficile

61
Q

Which surface determinant is present on streptococcus pyogenes and causes cross-reacting antibodies

A

M protein, they use molecular mimicry to reassemble our tissues to yield an autoimmune response

62
Q

What component of an organism (like s. aureus) accounts for the gram-positive coloring when stained

A

thick peptidoglycan wall

63
Q

What allows organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be acid-fast

A

their cells walls have lots of myoclonic acid (they look pink)

64
Q

What is E. coli’s gram stain

A

gram-negative with lipid A endotoxin

65
Q

What is a Mordant’s job in staining slides and what’s usually used?

A

Iodine is typically used to fix the stain

66
Q

20%H2SO4 0r 3%HCL are used as decolourizer in which type of stain?

A

Acid-fast stain

Microbiology SJSM (12 decks)

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