Block 4 Quiz Flashcards
Protozoa classifications:
“No Person Will be ASKEd or HELD”
Sarcodina (Pseudopodia)
- Entamoeba histolytica (dysentery + liver abscess)
- Acanthamoeba (soil + Keratitis + encephalitis)
- Naegleria (water + Primary amoebic meningo encephalitis)
Protozoa classifications:
Mastigophora (flagellates)
“Love The Tunes & Grooves”
- Leishmania donovani (sandflies)
- Trypanosoma brucie (gambiense (WASS) & rhadesience (EASS))
- Giardia Lamblia (stinky + watery diarrhea)
- Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis vaginitis + urethritis)
Protozoa classifications:
Ciliophora (ciliates)
- Balantidium coli (dysentery + colitis + diarrhea)
Protozoa classifications:
Apicomplexa (sporozoa)
“SAP Maple BIrCh Trees”
- Cryptosporidium (severe diarrhea in AIDs & mild in normal patients)
- Isospora (isosporiasis aka diarrhea in AIDS)
- microsporidia (microsporidiosis)
- Toxoplasma (toxoplasma gondii causes zoonosis)
- Plasmodium (malaria)
- Babesia (Babesiosis)
Leishmania donovani
picutre B & C
Classification
Location
Vector
Life cycle
“LoNg APpArent StaFf”
Class: NTD (Neglected Tropical Disease) & Flagellated Protozoa
Location: Tropics/Subtropics
Vector: Sandflies
Life Cycle:
—> Amastigotes (Sandfly blood meal)
—> Promastigotes (Sandfly gut)
—> Macrophages eat & turn Amastigotes ((inf form) in humans)
—> Amastigotes (multiply in tissue)
3 Clinical diseases of Leishmania donovani
“Very WEALtHy Friends”
Diagnosis
Rx.
Cutaneous Leish:
- Red macules/papules around sandfly bites that can change & ulcerate
Mucosal Leish:
- A sequelae from untreated cutaneous Leish, bleeding nose/mucus membranes & blocked sinuses
Visceral Leish: Life threatening
- Hepatosplenomegaly (Liver/Spleen)
- Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Leukopenia (Bone marrow)
- Fever (Kala-Azar “Black fever” hands/feet
- Weight-loss
- Ascites + edema
- Lymphadenopathy
Diagnosis:
Skin biopsy (cutaneous Leish)
Bone biopsy (visceral)
Blood test (Ab)
Rx:
Pentavalent antimonial compounds + Amphotericin B
Trypanosoma brucei
Classification
Vector
2 Subtypes
Life cycle
Class: Hemoflagellate & protozoan
Vector: Tsete fly & Triatominae (Kissing/Reduviid bug)
Subtypes:
1. Trypanosoma brucie Gambiense
(West African Sleeping Sickness)
- *Chronic + Slow
- Humans’ main res
- Lymphadenopathy/itchy
- Late CNS effects (1-2yrs)
- Sleep cycle changes
- Kerandrel sign (deep hyperaesthesia)
- Trypanosoma brucie Rhodesiense (East African Sleeping Sickness)
- Acute + Fast
- Antelope/cattle prime res
- Chancre sores
- Myocarditis risk
- Early CNS effects
Life Cycle:
—> Trypomastigotes (blood meal)
—> Epimastigotes (Fly gut)
—> Metacyclic Trypomastigotes (Saliva)
—> Bite (Metacyclic Trypomastigotes multiply at bite = primary indurated lesion)
—> Trypomastigotes (Blood)
—> Hemolytic phase (parasitemia)
—> Neurological phase (meningoencephalitis + demyelination)
2 Phases of Trypanosoma brucei
Diagnosis
Rx.
“Cold Winter Months For Hotcocoa & PartieS”
&
“Warm Knowing NigHts in Summer Evening/Morning”
Hemolytic Phase:
- Int fever (due to antigenic variation)
- Muscle aches + Joint pain
- *Winter Bottom sign (painless cervical lymphadenopathy)
- *Chancre
Neurological Phase:
- Headache
- Weight loss
- *Changes in the sleep cycle
- *Kerandler’s sign (deep hyperaesthesia)
- Untreated = coma + death
Diagnosis:
Peripheral blood smear
Lymph aspirate
(Higher parasitic load in T. brucie Rhodesiense)
CNS (high protein & WCS >5)
Rx.
Gambiense (WASS)
Hemolytic phase: Pentamidine
- adult 4mg, 4 doses, 14 days
- baby 4mg, 4 doses, 7-10 days
Neurological phase: Eflornithine
- 400mg, 4 doses, 14 days
Rhodesiense (EASS)
Hemolytic phase: Suramin
- adult 1g IV, days 1,3,5,14,21
- baby 20mg IV days 1,3,5,14,21
Neurological phase: Melarsoprol
- 3.6 mg, 3 days
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas)
Classification
Vector
Life Cycle
Class: Flagellated protozoan
Vector: Triatome/Reduviid/Kissing bug
Life Cycle:
—> Trypomastigote (blood meal)
—> Epimastigote (Midgut)
—> Metacyclic Trypomastigote (Midgut)
—> Shit near bite/eyes (Amastigotes multiply via binary fission)
—> Amastigotes (Intracellular)
—> Trypomastigote (released via cell lysis)
—> Re-infect, Resolution, or chronicity
Chagas:
PICTUREA
Transmission
Phases of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Diagnosis
Rx.
“Cruzing in my Bendz in a fur coat”
Chagas
Transmission:
Triatomine/Reduviid/kissing bug
Acute Phase:
- High parasite load
- Chogoma (inf edema at bite site)
- Lymphadenopathy
- Meningoencephalitis
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Romana sign (swollen eyelid)
Intermediate Phase:
- Asymptomatic
- Serologically +
Chronic Phase: Heart/Colon/Esophagus
- Low parasitic load
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Megaesophagus
(dmg myenteric/subcutaneous plexus)
- Megacolon (pain+constipation)
Diagnosis: Microscopy (trypomastigotes in blood smear)
Rx.
Benznidazole
(makes free radicals to dmg parasites)
-under 12 yrs (5-7.5mg 2 oral dose, 60 days)
Nifurtimox +12yrs
Giardia Lamblia
Classification
Transmission
Life Cycle
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Rx.
Class: Flagellated
Trans: Contaminated water (hikers/campers)
Life Cycle:
Trophozoite (active)
lives in host
—> Stage 2 Cysts (Infective)
survives out host
Symptoms: duodenum
- Fat malabsorption
- Foul, voluminous, frothy non-bloody diarrhea (IgA def)
- Bloating pain + cramps
Diagnosis:
Microscopy (multinucleated trophozoites)
Rx.
Metronidazole
Trichomonas vaginalis
picture D
Classification
Transmission
Appearance
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Rx.
Two complications
Class: Flagellated
Trans: Sexually (no cysts only in host)
Appearance: Undulating membrane
Symptoms:
Females (gray-green foul/frothy purulent discharge & strawberry cervix)
Males (urethritis)
Diagnosis:
Wet film microscopy of discharge (shows motile/flagellated trophozoites)
Rx. Oral metronidazole
Comps:
Preterm delivery
Intrauterine growth restriction
Cryptosporidium *parvum (& homonis)
PICTURE E
Classification
Transmission
Life Cycle
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Rx.
Class: Apicomplexa, Sporozoan, oocyst
Transmission:
Oocysts in water
Life Cycle:
Asexual
Merozoite
–> trophozoite
–> Type 1 Meront
Sexual
Gamont
–> micro (male) & macro (female) Gamonts –> zygote
–> thick (exit host) & thin (re-enter cycle) oocysts
Symptoms:
Cryptosporidiosis
- Normal (mild/self-limiting diarrhea)
- Aids (Severe/life-threatening diarrhea + hypovolemia)
AIDs def condition CD4<100
Diagnosis:
Mod-Acid Fast KINYOUN stain(show oocyst)
Rx. Paromomycin (AIDs only)
Isosporiasis (Cystospora)
Classification
Location
Life Cycle
Symptoms
Rx.
Class: Apicomplexa, sporozoan
Location: Tropics/subtropics
Life Cycle:
Mature oocysts (spindle + tapered ended shapes with 2 sporocysts (each with 4 sporozoites)
Immature oocysts (Long + oval shaped)
Symptoms:
Cystoisosporiasis (7-14 days)
- Acute onset of watery, non-bloody diarrhea & Hypovolemia (AIDS)
Note Mild + Self-Limiting in normal conditions
Rx. TMP-SMX
(Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole)
Microsporidia
Classification
Symptoms
Class: Apicomplexa, sporozoan
Symptoms:
Microsporidiosis
- Opportunistic infection that targets ocular, pulmonary, & musculoskeletal systems
Toxoplasma gondii
Classification
Transmission
Life Cycle
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Rx.
Class: Apicomplexa, Sporozoan, Obligate Intracellular parasite
Transmission:
- Fecal-oral route (Cat poop)
- Undercooked meat
- Transplacental (Conenital malaria)
Life Cycle:
—> Mature oocyte (in poop)
—> Tachyzoites (infective form)
—> Bradyzoites (cysts)
—> Tissue cysts (brain)
Symptoms:
Normal (asymptomatic or mononucleosis symptoms + bilateral adenopathy (- heterophile)
AIDS ( Cerebral toxoplasmosis)
- Necrotizing encephalitis via reactivated T. gondii
- Fever, headache, mental changes, seizures, focal neuro deficits
**AIDs Defining condition CD4<100)
Diagnosis:
- T1 Weighted MRI (shows hypointense (hypoattenuating) lesions, “Ring enhancing lesion” or “eccentric target enhancement”
- ELISA (High titre Ab usually preggos)
Plasmodium: Malaria Parasites
Vector
4 Types
Life Cycle
Vector: Female Anopheles Mosquito
4 Types:
P. Falciparvum (Severe malignant tertian + cerebral malaria)
P. Vivax & P. Ovale (Benign tertian malaria, 48hrs int fever)
P. Malariae (Quartan malaria, 72hrs int fever)
Life Cycle:
—> Gametocytes (macro/female, micro/male) (ingested via mosquito)
—> Gametes Macro+Micro (Ookinete)
—> Ookinete (develops into an oocyst in the gut wall)
—> Oocysts multiply in gut & form sporozoites in the gut
—> Oocysts rupture & mosquito bites (sporozoites in the blood)
—> Liver (Schizogomy P. Vivax + Oval dormant (relapse tertian malaria)
—> Liver cell lyse (release merozoites in blood “Signet ring-shaped”
—>Erytherocytic schizogony
—> RBC ruptures (releasing merozoites)
—> Fever + Merozoites (Erythrocytic cycle restarts)
Plasmodium: Malaria Parasites
Symptoms
Differentials
Recrudescence
Diagnosis
Symptoms:
- Headaches
- Muscle fatigue/pain
- Nausea/vomit
- Splenomegaly
- Chills/sweat
- Dry cough
Differentials:
P. vivax/oval: 48hr int fever, can relapse (dormant in liver)
P. malariae: 72hr int fever
P. falciparum: No fever pattern (Erythrocytic schizonts in the capillaries of the brain & other organs)
Recruddenscence:
Parasite load is still in the blood despite treatment.
Diagnosis:
- Look at Travel history &Typical fever patterns
Microscopy (Giemsa or Field stains via Romanowsky (sensitive)
Indirect Immunofluorescence
DNA Probes
Quantitative Buffy Coat
Lab diagnoses of Malaria
Quantitative Buffy Coat
Microscopy (Giemsa or Field stains via Romanowsky (sensitive)
levels of Schizont
Quantitative Buffy Coat
- Plasma layer (Precision plastic float)
- Platelet/Lymphocyte/Monocyte layer (Gametocytes)
- Granulocyte layer (Schizont & Mature Trophozoites)
- RBCs (Ring forms or immature Trophozoites)
Microscopy (Giemsa or Field stains via Romanowsky (sensitive)
- P. Vivax Schizont ~20 Merozoites
- P. Malariae & Ovale Schizont fewer Schizont
- P. Falciparvum Schizont NOT usually seen
Rx. of Malaria
Uncomplicated malaria
Chloroquine Resistant P. Falciparvum
Severe P. Falciparum
Prophylaxis
Uncomp: Chloroquine
P. Vivax, Ovale, Malaria, & chloroquine sensitive P. Falciparvum
Chloroquine Res P. Falciparvum:
Mefloquine or Quinine + Doxycycline or Atovaquone + Proguanil
Severe P. Falciparvum:
Quinidine gluconate or Quinine Dihydrochloride
Prophylaxis:
Uncomp (weekly chloroquine)
Chloroquine Res P. Falciparvum (Weekly Mefloquine)
Severe P. Falciparvum Mefloquine Resistant (Weekly Doxycycline or Atovaquone & Proguanil)
Malaria: P. Falciparum
Cerebral Malaria
Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Symptoms:
- Encephalopathy
- * Retinal Whitening
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Severe headache
- Hemoglobinuria + renal failure
- Hypoglycemia
- Orthostatic hypotension
Pathogenesis:
—> Infected RBC’s cytoadhere to brain endothelial cells via ICAM-1 (BEC) receptors & released malarial exo-Ag
—> Malarial exo-Ag stim BEC’s & macrophages (Mo) to release more cytokines (TNFa & IL-1)
—> More expression of ICAM-1 promotes more cytoadherence, causing
- Ischemic blockades, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, & lactic acidosis
Babesia
Classification
Symptoms
Differentials
Recrudescence
Diagnosis
Class: Apicomplexa, sporozoa
Symptoms: (Usually coinfected with Lyme disease)
- Fever/flu
- Hemolytic anemia
- Mild hepatosplenomegaly
- Gi issues
- Petechiae/ecchymoses
NOTE: Aspleenic patients at higher risk
Diagnose:
CBC (low hematocrit, thrombocytopenia, & high reticulocyte count)
Azotemia (extra nitrogenous waste in blood)
Hemoglobinuria (with/without hemosiderinuria)
Blood smear (shows Babesia as intraerythrocytic rings/maltese cross)
Nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides
Distribution
Location
Shape
Males vs. females
Eggs
Dist: Tropics
Local: Jejuni/duodenum
Shape:
- Cylindrical + tapered
- White streaks on pink body
- Mouth (anteriorly + 3 toothed lips)
- Ascaron (toxic body fluid)
Dudes:
- smaller
- hooked end
- ejaculatory duct + anus
- pair of spicules
Ladies:
- Bigger
- straight ends
- Vulvar waist opening (worm pussy)
- eggs
Eggs: Bile stained
Unfertilized
- Narrow/long
- Thin shells
- Don’t float
Fertilized
- Round
- Thick/transparent shells
- Mamillated albumin layer
- Float
Nematodes: Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Life cycle
Clinical
Reaction of toxin (Ascaron)
Pathogenicity
Diagnosis
Rx.
Life Cycle:
—> Adult worms mate & make fertilized/unfertilized eggs poop
—> Fertilized egg (2-cell stage) which gets Advanced cleavage (multicelled)
—> Embryonated egg + Rhabditiform larva
—> Human ingests eggs/larva which hatch in duodenum
—> larva burrow through mucosa & reach circulation
—> enter lungs, trachea, pharynx, & are swallowed
Clinical: Ascariasis
Malnutrition
Night blindness
Int. Coliky cramps
Low appetite
Heavy infections from blocked GI
Tracheal obstruction
Obstructive jaundice
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
Reaction of Ascaron:
Fever, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, wheezing, conjunctivitis
Pathogenicity:
Inflammation (Liver/kidney)
Hypersensitivity reaction
Granuloma
Eosinophilic infiltrates
Sputum blood tinged with Charcot leyden crystals + larvae
Diagnosis:
Serodiagnosis (IHA, IFA)
Eosinophilia
Rx.
Pyrantel (11mg/kg single)
Mebendazole (100mg/kg twice, 3 days)
Piperazine citrate (75mg/kg 2 days)
Hook Worms:
A. duodenale vs. N. Americanus
A. duodenale:
- Big/thick
- Anterior end curves with body
- Buccal capsule (6 teeth)
- Copulating bursa (13rays & 2 spicules)
- Females have a posterior spine & vulvar opening in the middle of the body
Name the malaria culprits
How to diagnose Giardia lamblia
2 diagnostics tests
String Test
ELISA
What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Thickening colon & Liver lesions
T.cruzi
Disease
Vector
Location
Signs
Chagas disease
reduviid
South America (poor)
Romana sign (swollen eyelid)
Naegleria fowleri
Location
Causes
Swimming pools/stagnant water
PAM (Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis)
Regulatory T cells are
CD4 & CD25
Proteus mirabilis
Causes
Morphology
Pathogen
Kidney stones
Rod-shaped
Produces lots of urease causing build-up of ammonia, this makes urine more alkaline & causes kidney stones if untreated.
P.vivax & P.ovale
Cause
Complication
Signs
Tertian malaria (fever every 48hrs)
Lie dormant in the liver as sporozoites & cause relapse
Dark urine & Kala-azar (Black fever symptoms)
P. Falciparum
Causes
Complication
Signs
Malignant tertiary (no fever pattern)
Lie dormant as Hypnozoites in liver & mature into Schizonts (multinucleated)
Dark urine & Kala-azar (Black fever) darkens the skin
CGD (Chronic Granulomatous Disease)
Pathogenesis
Cause
Normal functioning (activation)
Patho:
-Defective NOX (NADPH Oxidase) means no ROS production & no Superoxide in neutrophils or macrophages, reducing their respiratory burst
Cause:
Recurrent infections of catalase + bacteria
(S. aureus, E.coli, Candida, Nocardia etc)
Normally:
NADPH oxidase subunits are phosphorylated, activating Rac2, & translocating cytosolic proteins to the membrane (via changing protein-protein & protein-lipid interactions) = end product is superoxide (Caboom bacteria)
What test is used to diagnose Dog tapeworms (Echinococcosis)
Cassoni test to observe Hydated cysts
Ring-enhancing hypo-attenuated lesions on the MRI are indicative:
Infection (what caused it)
Vector (how’d they get it)
Toxoplasmosis
undercooked pork or contaminated cat poop
A young boy has a respiratory infection. Gram stain shows negative bacilli, lactose fermenting colonies.
Bacteria
E.coli
The patient has a fever with no distinct pattern, blackening of the skin, & dark cola-coloured urine. The patient was staying at a pond & remembers being bitten by lots of mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito
Disease
Causal agent
vector
Malignant tertiary malaria
P. faciparum
female
What immune defence cell is the first responder when someone coughs or sneezes on you?
Natural killer cells
When a female anopheles mosquito infects a patient, What differentiates P. falciparum from other malarial-causing agents?
Morphology
Disease path
Gametocytes are banana-shaped.
&
P. falciparum is elongated & crescent-shaped
Malignant tertiary malaria doesn’t have a fever pattern
Which drugs are administered during the exoerythrocytic cycle of the
plasmodium parasite? Primaquine DOC for malaria relapse
Primaquine DOC (For relapse) & Chloroquine (for uncomplicated malaria)
The patient has allergic rhinitis.
Hypersensitivity type
Patho
Cells involved
Hypersensitivity 1
IgE is formed via initial exposure & binds Basophils & Mast cells
2nd exposure to the same antigen triggers Basophiles & Mast cells to release histamine
Causing smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction etc)
What is responsible for our bodies developing reactive Antibodies from prior exposure (i.e latex gloves)?
IL4 is major in allergies & autoimmune diseases, it’s released via mast, Th2 cells, eosinophils, & basophils. It also promotes IL13
Which fungi has a “daisy head” appearance in the mold form on lactophenol cotton blue and “cigar-shaped” in the yeast form?
It can infect humans & animals and is the causative agent of sporotrichosis ( “rose handler’s disease”)
Sporothric Schenkii causes lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis.
Grows via decaying plants & Commonly affects gardeners
Soil-transmitted helminths include (3)
&
Cause:
initial sign
AIDS comp
Rhabditiform larvae hookworm, Ascaris, & whipworm
Colicky abdominal pain
Severe diarrhea in AIDS
(Ancyclostoma duodenal & Necator americanus)
What temp to thermophile fungus grow at?
above 100 degrees celcius !
Candida albicans:
Infection
Growth mediums (2)
Gram stain
Opportunistic Yeast infection
Sabouraunds agar (SDA) grows pearl-white pseudohyphae in tissue.
Cornmeal agar shows Chlamydospores, blastospores, & pseudohyphae
Gram stain: OBGY_PC
Gram positive
Oval
Budding yeast
cells
Neurocysticercosis
Type
Condition
Symptoms
CT shows
Inf form
Vector
Tape worm: Tenia solium
Cysticercosis (infects many body parts)
Epilepsy, headache, dizziness
CT: Swiss-cheese brain
Infection from larval cysts that contain the immature stage of the parasite
Vector: Pork
Rx. PRAZIQUANTEL & Albendazole (neurocysticercosis)
Diagnostic criteria for Trichinellas spiralis infection
Muscle biopsy shows cysts enclosed in a capsule & muscles will be in extreme pain
Trichinosis (fever, vomit, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgia)
UNDERCOOKED MEAT (PORK)
Rx Bendazoles
Schistosoma trematode (Blood fluke)
Intermediate host
Location (world & host)
Causes
Morphology
Diagnosis
Snails
Africa & Middle East
Sexually reproduces in the bladder(only one that does this!), liver, & rectum
Schistosomiases (urinary schitomiases & bladder cancer)
Each species has a different ovum
collect & examine the last from of urine after exercise
KOH granulomatous inflammation around hair follicles & fungal elements
Epidermophyton floccosum
Schistosoma mansoni
Niche
location
Disease
RX
Water-borne parasite penetrates skin
Snails intermediate host
Mansoni egg with lateral spine
Lives in mesenteric veins near the intestine
Intestinal schistosomiasis
Portal hypertension, fibrosis
Rx. PRAZIQUANTEL
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog tape worm
Hydatid cysts (eggshell calcification)
Int host: Sheep
Rx Albendazole
if cysts rupture = anaphylaxis
Ancylostoma spp (Necator americanus) Hook worms
Microcytic anemia (suck blood in intestines)
Cutaneous larva migrans (pruritic serpiginous rash)
Larva penetrate skin from soil (barefoot)
Rx Bendazoles
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant round worm)
Block ileocecal valve, biliary- obs, *intestine perforation.
Larva migrate from intestines to alveoli causing pulmonary eosinophilia (Loeffler syndrome)
FECAL ORAL
Knobby-coated oval eggs in poop
Rx. Bendazoles
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Causes anal pruritus
Tape test
FECAL ORAL
Rx. Bendazoles
Babesia
Babesiosis (fever + hemolytic anemia)
Asplenia (can’t clear infected RBCs)
IXODES Tick
Blood smear shows rings or maltese cross
Rx Atovaquone + Azithromycin
Plasmodium
P. vivax/ovale
P. Malariae
P. Falciparum
Malaria: Feve, headache, anemia, splenomegaly, Hypoglycemia in severe disease
P. vivax/ovale 48hr fever tertian (first & third day) dormant in the liver
P. Malariae 72hr, cycle (quartan)
P. Falciparum no fever pattern, parasitized RBC’s adhere & block capillaries in the brain (cerebral), kidneys, lungs
Female ANOPHELES MOSQUITO
Blood smear: trophozoite ring in RBC, Schizont with merozoites, red granules (Schuffner)
Rx. Chloroquine (sensitive), Mefloquine, atovaquine/proguanil (chloroquine resistant)
A-SCHIZONT
B-P.VIVAX/OVALE
Trypanosoma brucei (D)
African sleeping sickness
Winter bottom sign (enlarged cervial lymph nodes)
Reoccuring fever (antigenic variation)
Coma
TSETSE FLY (OUCH!)
Trypomastigotes in blood smear
CNS Melarsoprol
Blood Suramin
Naegleria fowleri
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
Swimming (sneaks in via cribriform plate)
Amoebas in CSF
Rx Amphotercin B
Toxoplasma gondii
Mononucleosis-likke syndrome in AIDS (heterophile Neg)
RING ENHANCING LESIONS !!!!!!
MRI
Congenital toxoplasmosis (chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, & intracranial calcification)
Cysts in meat
Oocysts in CAT POOP
Biopsy shows tachyzoites or bradyzoites
Rx. Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine (TMP-SMX) Prophylaxis when CD4<100
Entamoeba histolytica
Amebiases
Bloody diarrhea, liver absess
RUQ pain
Flask shaped ulcers
Cysts in water
Entamoeba Eat Erythrocytes (trophozoites in RBCs or cysts in stool)
Rx. Metronidazole, Paromomycin
Sporothrix Schenckii
Rose gardeners disease
Daisy head in Cyst
Cigar shaped yeast
In soil/VEG
Diss disease in AIDS
Rx. Itraconazole or potassium iodide
Pneumocystic Jirovecci
Causes pneumocystitis pneumonia
Yest like fungus
Bilateral ground glass opacities
Diag via bronchoalveolar lavage
Disc shaped yest on methenamine silver stain
Rx TMP+SMX, Pentamidine
tinea capitis
Head/scalp scaling alopecia
Tinea Corporis
Scaly rings on skin (like pin worm) from pets or farm animals
Tinea Cruris
Jock itchh
Tinea pedis
Athletes foot
Pityriasis versicolor
Caused by Malassezia spp
Yeast fungus
degradation of lipids makes acids that inhibit tyrosinase hyper/hypo-pigmentation
SPAGHETTI & MEATBALLS on microscopy
Treat selenium sulfide, topical antifungals
Diagnosis – KOH microscopy – “angular hyphae and clusters of blastospores”
