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X Pre Clinical Science > Sample Collection > Flashcards

Sample Collection Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 6 advantages of an in-house lab?

A 
fast turn around
out of hours
improved patient monitoring and care
available in more remote areas
smaller sample volume so less invasive
may save costs
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2
Q

what are the 6 main pre-analytical factors which have a big effect on lab results

A 
poor sampling
haemolysed, lipaemic or icteric plasma
wrong anti-coagulant 
wrong anticoagulant/blood ratio
transportation of sample 
storage of sample
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3
Q

what pre-analytical factors can cause haemolysis?

A

collection method - vein collapse or over enthusiastic sampling!

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4
Q

what can avoid lipaemic samples?

A

fasted samples

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5
Q

what should a sample be labelled with?

A

patients number (internal samples) or patient name/owner name

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6
Q

what must be included on the form for the external lab?

A

identify samples that were collected
identify tests required and send correct samples for these tests
identify clinician
a basic history
drug history
previous reference of lab if known/relevant

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7
Q

what should be included on the basic history for the external lab form?

A

presentation and other lab and imaging findings

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8
Q

if using sample for drug monitoring what should be included?

A

time of administration

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9
Q

what is the fluid limit for sending samples by post?

A

50ml

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10
Q

how must samples be packaged for posting?

A

sealed container
padded with enough material to absorb any leaks
sealed in a leak-proof bag
put inside a solid container

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11
Q

what must not be sent by post?

A

class 4 pathogens

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12
Q

what must be alerted for during postage and for the recipient?

A

possible zoonoses

cytotoxic samples

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13
Q

what tests is blood often sampled for?

A

haematology
biochemistry
serology
PCRs

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14
Q

what must be checked before sample collection of blood?

A

type of tube required and volume of blood/plasma

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15
Q

why should 3x more than plasma volume required be collected during blood sampling?

A

PCV - approx half of the sample will be cells

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16
Q

how can haemolysis and platelet clumping be avoided?

A

performing clean sticks (first time) without creating vacuum/collapsing veins

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17
Q

what should happen if sample collection was difficult?

A

be noted on history and passed onto lab

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18
Q

what assays must be taken at specific timings?

A

dynamic assays e.g. bile acid stimulation

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19
Q

when should drug assays be taken?

A

at either peak (highest expected level) or trough (lowest expected level)

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20
Q

what assays can lipaemia affect?

A

total proteins, bile acids and bilirubin

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21
Q

what effect can stress of animals on collection have?

A

altered parameters

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22
Q

where can blood be collected from in all species?

A

jugular vein

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23
Q

what are the main collection veins in small animals?

A

cephalic and saphenous vein

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24
Q

what vein is used for collection in birds?

A

cubital/wing

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25
Q

what arteries can be used for blood collection?

A

digital
femoral
carotid

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26
Q

what capillaries can be used for blood sampling?

A

skin especially ears

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27
Q

what does needle size and length depend on?

A

vessel site and diameter - in order to reduce haemolysis

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28
Q

what needle should be used for phlebotomy?

A

widest gauge practicable and humane to reduce haemolysis

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29
Q

what needle should be used for cystocentesis?

A

smallest gauge possible to reduce risk of bladder tear

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30
Q

what direction should the needle be directed during cystocentesis?

A

caudally

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31
Q

what needles can be used during mass aspiration?

A

using a variety of sizes and active aspiration/needle redirection

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32
Q

what levels of leukocytes can increase during stressful sampling?

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes (neutrophillia and lymphocytosis)

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33
Q

why do neutrophil and lymphocyte level increase under stressful sampling situations?

A

increased blood pressure sweeps mature cells from marginal pool into circulation

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34
Q

what can clots in the syringe lead to?

A

false thrombocytopenia

35
Q

what can elevate PCV/haematocrit in horses?

A

splenic contraction under stress

36
Q

what can restraint lead to?

A

elevated creatinine kinase

37
Q

what can be activated by stressful sampling?

A

clotting cascade by tissue factor

38
Q

how is plasma formed from whole blood?

A

anti-coagulant and centrifugation

39
Q

how is serum formed from whole blood?

A

no anticoagulant

allowed to clot before anything happens to it

40
Q

are reference ranges different for serum and plasma?

A

yes

41
Q

does serum have higher or lower total proteins than plasma?

A

lower

42
Q

can serum be spun straight away?

A

no - must be left to clot?

43
Q

should serum be sent spun or unspun?

A

spun as reduces risk of haemolysis

44
Q

what anticoagulant can be used with plasma?

A

any - EDTA, heparin, fluoride and oxalate

45
Q

what must happen to plasma samples immediately?

A

must be spun

46
Q

what situation is plasma sampling useful in?

A

emergancy - quick

47
Q

what analyses is plasma not recommended for?

A

direct bilirubin
bile acids
protein electrophoresis

48
Q

why does plasma affect some analyses?

A

background fibrinogen content disturbing some reactions

49
Q

what sample tubes can be used for biochemistry?

A

plain tube/serum
heparin
oxf

50
Q

what sample tubes cannot be used for biochemistry?

A

citrate

EDTA

51
Q

how should a plain/serum tube be used for biochemistry?

A

allowed to clot and then serum separated

52
Q

what can a plain tube/serum not be used for?

A

fibrinogen

53
Q

what must a plain tube/serum be used for?

A

bile acids
haptoglobin
protein electrophoresis

54
Q

how does heparin stop clot formation?

A

increases action of antithrombin III which stops clot formation

55
Q

what is an Oxf tube used for?

A

glucose testing as prevents use of glucose by RBC

56
Q

why is an EDTA tube not suitable for biochemistry?

A

contains potassium and takes up calcium so will give false high K+ and false low Ca2+

57
Q

why can a citrate tube not be used for biochemistry?

A

uses (chelates) all calcium as it bind calcium to prevent clotting

58
Q

what effect can EDTA contamination have on results?

A

increase potassium
reduce Ca2+
affect some enzymes as their cofactors are chelated

59
Q

how should all samples be handled?

A

seperate serum/plasma from cells by centrifugation

refrigerate if long test delay

60
Q

what assays are affected by sunlight?

A

bilirubin

61
Q

what form are reagents in in dry chemistry analysers?

A

‘dry’ form

62
Q

what happens to serum/plasma samples in ‘wet’ biochemistry analysers?

A

mixed with liquid reagents

63
Q

what are the advantages of ‘wet’ chemistry analysers?

A

liquid reagents are cheaper than dry

64
Q

what are the negatives of ‘wet’ chemistry analysers?

A

shorter storage life

more technically challenging

65
Q

what are common issue with blood smears?

A 
too much blood used
too little blood used
bunny hopping/hesitation
lifting the spreader off
running out of slide
66
Q

what tube should be used for part of the urine sample if the vets need cytology?

A

EDTA

67
Q

what is the best sample technique for urine culture?

A

cystocentesis

68
Q

do cystocentesis or catheter samples require storing in boric acid tubes?

A

no as should not be contaminated with bacteria

69
Q

what is FNA?

A

fine needle aspirate

70
Q

can vet nurses perform FNA?

A

yes as long as no entry into body cavity

71
Q

describe the technique for FNA?

A

mass is isolated between finger and thumb
needle is placed into it and cells are aspirated
plunger of the syringe (if used) should be released before the needle is withdrawn

72
Q

what are the 2 types of FNA technique?

A

non-asperative

asperative

73
Q

describe non-asperative FNA technique

A

needle is inserted at a number of different angles into the mass and fluid is extracted

74
Q

describe aspertive FNA technique

A

syringe is attached to needle and used to draw out cells from mass

75
Q

how is FNA sample transfurred to a slide?

A

air drawn into syringe and then fluid/cells forced out by depression of plunger over slide

76
Q

what slide preparation is used for FNA samples?

A

squash - sample is compressed between 2 slides

77
Q

when should smears of fluid for microscopic evaluation be made?

A

ASAP after sampling

78
Q

what are EDTA tubes used for for fluid samples?

A

cell counts on analyser

79
Q

what must be done with fluid samples with low cell counts?

A

centrifuged and smear performed with re-suspended pellet

80
Q

what is a plain tube used for during fluid sampling?

A

Total proteins on refractometer or analyser

81
Q

what are sterile tubes used for during fluid sampling?

A

culture

82
Q

what must happen to slides before transport/packaging?

A

be dried as quickly as possible (can use a hair dryer) before being stained, stored or packed for transport

83
Q

what should be avoided when performing ultrasound fine needle aspirate?

A

using ultrasound gel - use surgical spirit instead

84
Q

what effect does formalin have on samples?

A

turns everything blue and cellular detail is lost

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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