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X Pre Clinical Science > Basic molecules in biochemistry > Flashcards

Basic molecules in biochemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are biomolecules composed of?

A

bulk and trace elements

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2
Q

what are bulk elements?

A

those that are present most in the mammalian boday

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3
Q

What are trace elements?

A

elements that are found in smaller quantities in the mammalian body

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4
Q

Name the 10 bulk elements

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine, sulpher

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5
Q

Name the 6 trace elements

A

iodine, magnesium, copper, zinc, selenium, iron,

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6
Q

What element do all biomolecules contain?

A

carbon

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7
Q

What does carbon from compounds with in order to create biomolecules?

A

other bulk elements

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8
Q

Why do elements form bonds with each other?

A

to make their outer shells more stable

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9
Q

How any electrons are needed in a stable 1st shell?

A

2

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10
Q

How many electrons are needed in subsequent electron shells in order for the element to be stable?

A

8

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11
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

where two elements join and share a single electron

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12
Q

give an example of a single covalent bond in a molecule

A

Hydrogen is H2, has one electron in it’s outer shell so bonds with another hydrogen atom so both outer shells are full

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13
Q

Define covalent bond

A

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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14
Q

What is a double covalent bond?

A

bond formed when 2 electrons are shared between the elements that are bonded.

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15
Q

Give an example of a double covalent bond

A

oxygen is 02, has 6 electrons in its outer shell, shares two electrons in order to fill outer shell.

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16
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

The major constituents (components) of a cell

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17
Q

Define polymer

A

molecules made from multiple units of smaller molecules

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18
Q

What is the molecular weight of a polymer?

A

above 5000g per mol.

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19
Q

What are the main macromolecules?

A

proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccarides

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20
Q

what are monomers?

A

single unit molecules

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21
Q

what is the molecular weight of a monomer?

A

500g per mol or less

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22
Q

What can macromolecules be further assembled into?

A

supramolecular complexes

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23
Q

what do supramolecular complexes form?

A

functional units

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24
Q

give an example of a functional unit

A

ribosome

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25
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells

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26
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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27
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

RNA and protien

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28
Q

What are ribosomes involved with?

A

protein synthesis

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29
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the breakdown of molecules which releases energy

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30
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the formation of molecules which uses energy

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31
Q

What happens during the reduction of a molecule?

A

addition of an electon/electrons

32
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

negative

33
Q

describe the stages of catabolism

A

food and energy stores are broken down into metabolic intermediates and CO2, this releases energy. The energy that is produced is used to convert NAD+ into NADH and H+. NADH and H+ are converted back into NAD+. The energy from this is used to create water and ATP.

34
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

35
Q

What is ATP known as?

A

the energy currency of the cell

36
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

nitrogenous base (adenine) and a pentose sugar (ribose) and a tri phosphate group

37
Q

Where is the energy stored in ATP?

A

between the phosphate groups

38
Q

What happens to the ATP molecule when the phosphate bonds are broken?

A

ATP is converted into ADP with a phosphate molecule seperate and energy is released

39
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

40
Q

How much of an animals body is made up of water?

A

approx 60%

41
Q

What does water do within the body?

A

acts as a solvent for solutes, a substrate in some reactions and as a lubricant and cushion

42
Q

Define substrate in terms of a chemical reaction

A

the subsatnce on which an enzyme acts

43
Q

what is a polar molecule?

A

one where there is an excess of electrons either positively or negatively

44
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

has a negatively charged oxygen atom and two positively charged hydrogen atoms

45
Q

What makes water a highly interacting molecule?

A

its polarity and the hydrogen bonds between molecules

46
Q

What characteristic means that substances that are polar can dissolve in water?

A

they are hydrophillic

47
Q

give examples of polar molecules

A

Cl- Na+ and K+

48
Q

What substances are non polar

A

Lipids

49
Q

What are the main charateristics of lipids in relation to water?

A

they are hydrophobic and do not disolve in water

50
Q

What is ionisation?

A

the process in which a molecule becomes and ion

51
Q

What is an ion?

A

a charged particle, either positive or negative

52
Q

What happens to acids in water?

A

ionise to produce H+ ions

53
Q

how do strong acids behave in water?

A

become completely ionised

54
Q

what happens to weak acids and bases in water?

A

they are partially ionised

55
Q

what is pH?

A

the way in which the concentration of H+ is quantified

56
Q

How can the concerntration of hydrogen be written in reguards to pH?

A

pH= log10[h+]

57
Q

What solutions are said to be neutral?

A

solutions with H+ equal to 10 to the power -7

58
Q

what solutions are said to be acidic?

A

solutions with H+ greater than 10 to the -7

59
Q

what solutions are said to be basic?

A

solutions with H+ less than 10 to the -7

60
Q

Why is pH important in biochemistry?

A

it affects the structure and function of biomolecules

61
Q

What can the pH of body fluids (e.g. blood, urine) be used as?

A

a diagnostic tool

62
Q

What is blood pH normally?

A

7.4

63
Q

What does acidosis describe?

A

The condition when blood pH falls below 7.35

64
Q

What does alkalosis describe?

A

the condition where blood pH rises above 7.45

65
Q

What sort of ion donors are acids?

A

positive ions

66
Q

what can positive ions also be known as?

A

protons

67
Q

What do bases act as during ionisation?

A

proton acceptors

68
Q

what is a conjugate acid base pair?

A

an acid and a base which differ only by the presance or absence of a proton

69
Q

what does pKa show?

A

a constant, the point at which equal concentrations of the acid and base form of a conjugate acid pair exist

70
Q

What is a buffering region in relation to pKa?

A

the area in which the addition of more base or acid will have minimal effect on the pH of the solution.

71
Q

What is the buffer region important for?

A

maintaining a constant pH of the body

72
Q

What can conjugate pairs act as?

A

buffers

73
Q

How can pH be maintained within a safe range in the body?

A

by having conjugate pairs that act as buffers by neutralising acids and bases added to the body

74
Q

What three buffer systems are their in the body?

A

phosphate buffer systems, carbonic-acid buffer systems and protein buffer systems

75
Q

What 3 molecules do protein buffer systems include?

A

haemoglobin, amino acids and plasma protiens.

76
Q

How is the bicarbonate from the carbonic-acid bicarbonate system stored?

A

sodium bicarbonate

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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