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X Pre Clinical Science > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of micro organisms are fungi?

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

what is the cytoplasm enclosed within in fungi?

A

a cell wall

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3
Q

what is found within the cell wall of fungi?

A

chitin

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4
Q

how do fungi gain nutrients?

A

absorption of organic molecules from the immediate surroundings

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5
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

sexual (meiosis) and asexual (mitosis) spores

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6
Q

what is the most common way that fungi reproduces?

A

asexual spores

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7
Q

what are the 2 main morphological forms of fungi?

A

moulds and yeasts

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8
Q

what is the basic cell unit of moulds?

A

hypha

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9
Q

what is the structure of hyphae?

A

a cylinder which elongates from the tip and is capable of branching

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10
Q

what strengthens the tubular wall?

A

cross walls (septa)

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11
Q

what is a feature of the cross wall which means that nutrients can be shared with the whole organism?

A

they have a central pore which cytoplasm can stream through

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12
Q

what makes hypha acellular?

A

the central pores in the cross wells

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13
Q

what are mycelium?

A

network of hyphae forming the body of the mould

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14
Q

what two layers can mycelium consist of?

A

submerged vegetative mycelium and aerial mycelium

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15
Q

what is found on the aerial mycelium?

A

asexual spores

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16
Q

what are yeasts?

A

an alternative growth form of hypha

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17
Q

what do yeasts consist of?

A

discrete, ovoid cells

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18
Q

how does yeast reproduce?

A

budding

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19
Q

what can some yeasts produce?

A

yeasts and hyphae depending on the environmental conditions

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20
Q

what is the name for yeasts which produce both yeasts and hyphae?

A

dimorphic

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21
Q

what is pseudo-mycelium?

A

intermediate form of growth between hyphae and yeasts in which elongated budding cells form pseudohyphae

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22
Q

define colony

A

in a culture, a mycelium or mass of yeast cells usually grown from a single hyphal fragment or yeast cell

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23
Q

what are phylum deuteromycota?

A

an assemblage of fungi which only produce conidia as there is no sexual reproductive state

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24
Q

what group do most pathogenic species fit into?

A

phylum deuteromycota

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25
Q

what are arthrospores?

A

conidia (spores) formed by simple fragmentation of hyphae in dermatophytes (skin loving bacteria)

26
Q

what does fungi cause as a pathogen?

A

mycosis (infection)
allergy (inhaled spores)
toxicosis (usually mycotoxicosis)

27
Q

what are the 2 sources of infection?

A

endogenous and exogenous

28
Q

where does endogenous infection come from?

A

commensal flora

29
Q

where does exogenous infection come from?

A

free living saprophytes in the environment or parasites on another animal host

30
Q

what are the 3 types of infection?

A

superficial mycoses
sub-cutaneous mycoses
deep mycoses

31
Q

where are superficial mycoses found?

A

epidermis

32
Q

where are deep mycoses found?

A

within the body

33
Q

what can sub-cutaneous mycoses be caused by?

A

introduction through trauma in the skin

34
Q

what can ringworm cause in cattle?

A

loss of growth rate
lower milk yield
scarring which affects hide value
contamination will persist for years

35
Q

what are the two ways that fungal infection must be treated?

A

topically and systemically

36
Q

what stops spores from continuing to reinfect the animal from the environment?

A

radical approach including thorough cleaning and burning/disposal of animal bedding etc

37
Q

at what temperature do deep mycoses grow best?

A

blood temperature

38
Q

are deep mycoses contagious?

A

no

39
Q

when do deep mycoses continue to arise?

A

when the immune system is compromised or commensals are reduced as they are opportunistic

40
Q

what can cause predisposition to fungal infection?

A

immune suppression (natural or induced)
age
trauma
exposure to heavy spore loads

41
Q

what are the 3 types of deep mycoses caused by mould?

A

aspergillosis
Mucoromycosis
mycotic abortion

42
Q

what are the 2 types of deep mycoses caused by yeast?

A

candidosis

cryptococcosis

43
Q

what is the main source of aspergillosis?

A

hay/straw

44
Q

what size are aspergillosis spores?

A

2-3 micro metres

45
Q

what are the 2 types of aspergillosis?

A

acute and chronic

46
Q

when is acute aspergillosis seen?

A

neonates

47
Q

what is a key way of diagnosing chronic aspergillosis in dogs?

A

uni/bilateral depigmentation of the nose and discharge

48
Q

what does bovine mycotic abortion result in?

A

infection of placenta and foetus

49
Q

how does bovine mycotic abortion present?

A

thickened cotyledons, amnion and foetal skin

50
Q

is bovine mycotic abortion contagious?

A

no

51
Q

where are hyphae found in bovine mycotic abortion?

A

in tissues and in foetal stomach contents

52
Q

where can the most reliable culture of bovine mycotic abortion be taken from?

A

foetal stomach contents

53
Q

what are the 2 main types of yeast infections?

A

candidosis and cryptococcosis

54
Q

where is candidosis often found?

A

normal gut flora

55
Q

where is cryptococcosis found?

A

in bird/bat faeces

56
Q

what does cryptococcosis cause?

A

nasal granuloma, skin ulcers, brain infection

57
Q

when do most fungal infections arise?

A

during immunosuppression

58
Q

can cryptococcosis be identified by the body?

A

no as it is surrounded by a capsule

59
Q

what is the most dangerous element of cryptococcosis?

A

it can be dormant for a number of years and is walled off by the body where it will continue to grow until it bursts

60
Q

what is key when cryptococcosis is being treated?

A

it is kept moist as the spores can’t be shed so easily

61
Q

how can fungal infection be diagnosed normally?

A

from a skin scrape: direct microscopy, culture and visual ID

62
Q

how can deep mycosis be diagnosed?

A

serology: checking for antibodies and antigens (e.g. chitin), presence of alcohol and molecular identification using PCR

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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