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X Pre Clinical Science > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a parasite?

A

lives at the expense of another organism (host) in a long term association without causing immediate death of the host

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2
Q

what is an obligatory host-parasite relationship?

A

whole life cycle of parasite takes place on/in the host

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3
Q

what is a faculative host-parasite relationship?

A

parasite only spends part of it’s life cycle on the host

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4
Q

what happens during continuous feeding?

A

parasite constantly feeds from host

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5
Q

what happens during intermittent feeding?

A

the parasite feeds on and off from the host

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6
Q

how can parasites affect the host?

A

blood loss (anemia) due to feeding tissue damage inflammation and pruritus allergic responses

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7
Q

what is pruritus?

A

self-harm (biting/scratching)

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8
Q

what can parasite infestation lead to?

A

reduced weight gain skin wounds-microbial infection

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of insects?

A

segmented jointed legs exoskeleton joints at junctions body cavity heart spiricles

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10
Q

what is the function of an insects exoskeleton?

A

protects the insect from trauma and loss of body fluid

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11
Q

what is scleretization?

A

chemical changes that make the sclera hard so it forms the exoskeleton

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12
Q

what is the body cavity of insects known as?

A

haemocoel

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13
Q

what does the dorsal vessel of insects contain?

A

blood and nervous tissue

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14
Q

what is the tergum of an insect?

A

most dorsal part of the insects body

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15
Q

what are spiracles?

A

holes in an insects body through which respiration takes place

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16
Q

what is the name of the breathing apparatus of acari?

A

stigmata

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17
Q

what is gnathosoma?

A

mouth parts of insects

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18
Q

what are podosoma?

A

attachment points for the legs

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19
Q

what is the idiosoma made up of?

A

podosoma and opisthosoma

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20
Q

what can be used to identify mites?

A

claws and pulvillus (pads seen between claws)

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21
Q

describe the life cycle of mites

A

egg - 6 legged lavae - nymph - deutonymph - tritonymph - adult

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22
Q

where do scabies causing mites live on the host?

A

adult females burrow into the upper layers of the skin

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23
Q

how many days from egg to adult in sarcoptic mites?

A

17-21

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24
Q

how long do sarcoptic mites survive off host?

A

2-3 weeks

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25
Q

what are the symptoms of sacbies?

A

intense itching, inflammation, hair loss, crusts of dried exudate

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26
Q

what behaviors can scabies cause?

A

extreme self harm and hypersensitivity and death of host in 2-4 months

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27
Q

what animals is scabies common in?

A

dogs and pigs but also seen in humans and camalids

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28
Q

where is the site of scabies infection in dogs?

A

pinnae and ventrum (abdomen)

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29
Q

where is the site of scabies infection in pigs?

A

external ear canals and dorsum (back)

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30
Q

can scabies infestation be asymptomatic?

A

yes

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31
Q

what do sarcoptiform mites cause in guinea pigs?

A

scabies

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32
Q

what are otodectes cynotis also known as?

A

ear mites

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33
Q

what are the hosts of ear mites?

A

cats, dogs and other carnivores

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34
Q

how many eggs do adult ear mites produce?

A

15-20

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35
Q

how long do adult ear mites live for?

A

2-3 weeks

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36
Q

how do ear mites differ from scabies bacteria?

A

smaller and do not have jointed pretarsi

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37
Q

where are ear mites found?

A

deep in the horizontal ear canal

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38
Q

how common are ear mites?

A

not as common as poeple think, usually seen in welfare cases

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39
Q

how long are demodicosis mites?

A

0.1-0.4 mm

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40
Q

where are demodicosis mites found on animals?

A

sebaceous glands and hair folicles

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41
Q

how long is the life cycle of demodicosis mites?

A

18-24 days

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42
Q

how are demodicosis mites passed on?

A

suckling puppies from their mother

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43
Q

what animal are demodicosis mites common in?

A

dogs

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44
Q

how long can cheyletiella survive for off the host?

A

10 days

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45
Q

how long are cheyletiella?

A

0.4mm

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46
Q

what do cheyletiella cause?

A

dermatitis

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47
Q

how contagious are cheyletiella?

A

very contagious

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48
Q

are cheyletiella zoonotic?

A

yes

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49
Q

what animals do cheyletiella affect?

A

dogs, cats and rabbits

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50
Q

what are trombiculidae?

A

six legged larvae of adult mite

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51
Q

what do trombiculidae cause?

A

pruritic skin disease

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52
Q

where are trombiculidae present in the environment?

A

vegetation in mid to late summer an autumn particularly where fruit is grown

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53
Q

when do trombiculidae larvae attach and how long for?

A

for 3 days and drop off to complete their life cycle in the environment

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54
Q

what can occur in the host due to trombiculidae mite?

A

hypersensitivity to mite and products which can lead to pruritus

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55
Q

what can ticks carry?

A

disease

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56
Q

what is the hypostome of a tick?

A

part of the gnathosoma which has back facing teeth to aid attachment of tick to body

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57
Q

what does the saliva of ticks contain?

A

vaso-active prostaglandins

anti-coagulants

cytolytic agents

chemotactic agents

salivary glyco-proteins

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58
Q

what do salivary glyco-proteins do in the tick?

A

help form cement with the hypostome

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59
Q

describe the life cycle of the tick

A

egg - larva -primary host- nymph -secondary host - adult male and female - final host

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60
Q

what does the hallers organ on ticks do?

A

picks up chemical stimuli so that the tick knows when a host is near so they can attach

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61
Q

what is questing behavior in a tick?

A

looking for a host

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62
Q

what is the life cycle of the ixodes ricinus (deer tick)?

A

eggs hatch larvae feed from host 1 fully fed larva drop to the ground larva molts to nymph nymphs feed on host 2 fully fed nymph drops to the ground nymph molts to adult adults feed on host 3 fully fed adult drops to the ground oviposition

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63
Q

how many hosts are involved in the life cycle of ixodes ricinus (deer tick)?

A

3

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64
Q

what animals are usually hosts 1, 2 and 3 for ixodes ricinus (deer tick)?

A
  1. rats/mice 2. rabbits 3. sheep/deer
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65
Q

what disease do ticks carry?

A

lymes disease

66
Q

does lymes disease affect animals?

A

not really

67
Q

what is the insect life cycle known as?

A

holometabolous life cycle

68
Q

describe the life cycle of a flea

A

egg - larva - pupa - adult

69
Q

where is the flea egg laid?

A

on the host (cat/dog) or in the area close to the host

70
Q

when does the female flea begin to lay eggs?

A

usually 48 hours after the female flea has mated and started feeding

71
Q

how many eggs may a flea lay over several weeks?

A

2000

72
Q

after how many days does the flea egg hatch into a larva?

A

1-10

73
Q

where does the flea larva move to and why?

A

deep into carpets and under furniture due to susceptibility to light

74
Q

how far can fleas crawl through through a carpet while feeding?

A

up to 50cm

75
Q

what do larval fleas feed on?

A

organic debris including flea faeces ad tapeworm segaments

76
Q

after how many days does the flea larva form pupa?

A

5-11 days

77
Q

where do flea pupa live?

A

deep in carpet pile and bedding areas protected from chemicals

78
Q

how long can adult fleas remain in the cocoon stage for?

A

weeks or months depending on the environmental conditions

79
Q

what are the stimuli for emergence of adult fleas from pupa stage?

A

increase in temperature and mechanical pressure

80
Q

when do adult fleas usually emerge from pupae cocoon?

A

5-10 days

81
Q

what do fleas rely on to locate host?

A

heat and visual cues

82
Q

once the flea has fed how long can it survive away from the host?

A

3 days

83
Q

how long does a complete flea life cycle take in conditions of most homes?

A

3-5 weeks

84
Q

how long can unfed fleas survive for?

A

10-60 days depending on the humidity and temperature of environment

85
Q

what are the signs of flea infestation in animals?

A

pruitus

alopecia

self-wounding

excoration

hypersensitivity

anemia

86
Q

what are the key visible differences between chewing lice and sucking lice?

A

chewing: flattened and round head sucking: short pointed head

87
Q

what is the life cycle of lice?

A

egg - nymph - lice

88
Q

where do lice eggs attach?

A

to hair/fur

89
Q

what is the only louse that commonly occurs on cats?

A

felicola subrostratus

90
Q

is felicola subrostratus of pathogenic importance in cats?

A

only if the cat is elderly or has chronic illness.

91
Q

in what breeds may felicola subrostratus be more problematic?

A

long haired breeds

92
Q

where on the body is trichodectes canis usually found?

A

head, neck and tail of dogs

93
Q

what does a trichodectes canis infestation cause?

A

intense irritation

94
Q

what does damage to the skin resulting from itching due to trichodectes canis infestation cause?

A

inflammation, excoration, alopecia and secondary bacterial involvement

95
Q

what do trichodectes canis act as intermediate hosts for?

A

tapeworm

96
Q

where can flies be found on an animal?

A

dermal sub-dermal cutaneous nasopharyngeal ocular intestinal/entric urinogenital

97
Q

where do gasterophilus spp. lay their eggs on the horse?

A

legs

98
Q

how do gasterophilus spp. get into the horse stomach?

A

licked off the legs by horse and make their way into the stomach

99
Q

how do gasterophilus spp. exit the body?

A

detatch from the stomach and are expelled in faeces

100
Q

when is rabbit strike more likely?

A

in rabbits with a high starch diet - more prone to diarrhoea than those on a diet with digestible fibre in rabbits where grooming behavior is interrupted (e.g. mouth pain caused by dental abnormalities, infection of area or of bones)

101
Q

what disease does the sand fly cause?

A

canine leishmaniosis

102
Q

where is canine leishmaniosis often seen?

A

europe

103
Q

what does hypersensitivity to the culicoides midge cause in horses?

A

sweet itch

104
Q

what are the signs of sweet itch?

A

self trauma, particularly at mane and tail

105
Q

what is the life cycle of the culicoides midge?

A

egg - aquatic larva - pupa - adult

106
Q

what phase of the life cycle of the culicoides midge requires water?

A

aquatic larva phase

107
Q

how long can adult culicoides midge live?

A

maximum 20 days

108
Q

are culicoides midge strong fliers?

A

no, only fly a few hundred metres

109
Q

what are the most important of the equine parasites?

A

strongyles (large roundworm)

110
Q

where in the body do strongyles (large roundworm) develop to maturity?

A

large intestine

111
Q

where do strongyles migrate before they mature?

A

anterior mysenteric arteries, through the liver to the subperitoneal connective tissues and to the liver and the pancreatic renal region

112
Q

what is the cause of long prepatent periods of strongyles (redworm)?

A

the long larval migrations

113
Q

what can damage caused by migrating strongyles (redworm) cause?

A

severe pathological consequences (including colic)

114
Q

do small roundworms migrate?

A

not extensively

115
Q

when do small roundworm larva damage mucosa?

A

on emergence

116
Q

what is acute larval cyathostomosis (ALC)?

A

damage caused by mass emergence of larva

117
Q

name 5 key equine parasites

A

parascaris (roundworm) tapeworm (anoplocephala) bot flies culicoides midge fly worry (e.g. horse flies)

118
Q

what is anthelmetic resistance?

A

growing resistance by worms to the treatment used to eradicate them

119
Q

how can treatment be altered to stop wormer resistance?

A

targeted using testing to judge when teratment is needed (e.g. FWEC)

120
Q

at what level of worm burden can horses be wormed?

A

200 epg (eggs per gram)

121
Q

what worm should be treated for every autumn?

A

encysted cyathostomins (small redworm)

122
Q

where is toxocara canis found in dogs and cats?

A

small intestine

123
Q

where does toxocara canis migrate in dogs and cats and how long does migration stage last?

A

liver and lung tissue

4-6 months

124
Q

what sort of worms are taeniidae?

A

tapeworm

125
Q

where are adult tapeworms found?

A

intestine of carnivores

126
Q

where are the immature stages of tapeworms found?

A

cysts in various organs of herbivores

127
Q

what are the two genera of tapeworms?

A

taenia and echinococcus

128
Q

what is the strobila of tapeworms?

A

the body

129
Q

what are protoglottids of tapeworms?

A

segments which form the body

130
Q

what do progolottids contain?

A

genitalia and so eggs

131
Q

how do proglottids release eggs?

A

seperate from main worm and pass out in faeces where they break down and release eggs into the environment

132
Q

in what species are echinococcus granulosus found in?

A

dogs

133
Q

what are angiostrongylus also known as?

A

lungworm

134
Q

what are the clinical signs of early lungworm infection?

A

harsh, dry cough dysponea anemia depression anorexia signs of coagulopathy

135
Q

what are the signs of chronic lungworm infection?

A

verminious pneumonia leading to anorexia, weight loss, emaciation and pulmonary hypertension

136
Q

how can the presence of lungworm be diagnosed?

A

faecal examination blood test

137
Q

How does lungworm arise in dogs?

A

ingestion of intermediate host (slug/snail)

138
Q

how can angiostrongylus be diagnosed?

A

in faeces (Baermann test) or bronchoalveolar lavage

139
Q

What are the health threats to dogs from travel into other countries?

A

rabies

tapeworm

tick borne diseases

exotic ticks

leishmaniosis

140
Q

what does toxoplasmosis cause in sheep?

A

abortion

141
Q

What mites can be seen in this tissue sample of scabies?

A

Sarcoptes mites

142
Q

What type of parasite is this and what is it’s name?

A

Mite

Cheyletiella

143
Q

what type of parasite is this and what is its name?

A

Mite

Trombiculidae

144
Q

what is caused by this mite?

A

Mild but highly contageous (zoonotic) dermatitis

145
Q

what is caused by this mite?

A

pruritic skin disease

146
Q

What is the name of this louse and where is it found?

A

Felicola subrostratus - chewing lice found on cats

147
Q

what is the name of this louse and where is it found?

A

Trichodectes canis - found on dogs

148
Q

what is the name of this fly and where is it found?

A

Gasterophilus (bot fly)

lays it’s eggs on the legs of horses and then is ingested - larvae emerge in the stomach

149
Q

what is the name of this fly and what does it cause?

A

Lucilia sericata - causes myiasis (infestation of areas of the body by flies and maggots) e.g. rabbit strike

150
Q

what is the name of this fly and what does it cause?

A

Sand fly - canine leishmaniosis which is a zoonotic disease

151
Q

what is the name of this midge and what does it cause?

A

Cullicodes

Sweet itch

152
Q

What is the name of these worms and where are they found?

A

Cythostomins (small roundworms)

intestine of horses - no migration

153
Q

What is the name of these worms and what animal is commonly affected by them?

A

Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm family)

found in dogs

154
Q

What is the name of this worm?

A

Angiostrongylus

155
Q

What is the name of this worm and where is it found?

A

Echinococcus granulosus (small number of segments)

found in dogs

156
Q

What is the name of this worm?

A

Diplidium canium

157
Q

What is the name of this worm and how is its presence usually diagnosed?

A

Pinworm

Not normally found in faeces - would need to use sellotape preparations of the perianal area

158
Q

What is the name of this worm and why may the animal present with colic?

A

Large Strongoyles (large redworm) - has large mouth with teeth

intestinal blood vessels become blocked due to clots that form around epithelium damaged by worms

159
Q

What is the name of this worm?

A

Roundworm of chickens

160
Q
A

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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