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Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 3 divisions can bacteria be split into according to their nutritional requirements?

A

simple needs
complex needs
unknown needs

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2
Q

what do bacteria with simple needs require?

A

only basic needs (e.g. glucose, phosphate, sulphate) as they can make complex substances themselves

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3
Q

what do bacteria with complex needs require?

A

growth factors and other substances (e.g. amino acids/nucleotides) as they cannot create these on there own

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4
Q

what are bacteria with complex needs also known as?

A

fastidious bacteria

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5
Q

can bacteria with unknown needs survive outside the host?

A

no - cannot be grown in a lab

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6
Q

what are the pH requirements of most bacteria?

A

neutral or slightly alkaline

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7
Q

what is bacteria’s optimum temperature?

A

varies between bacteria depending on their target host. Those that live in mammals have an optimum temperature of 35-37 degrees

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8
Q

how do strictly (obligate) aerobic bacteria respire?

A

use O2 at all times

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9
Q

how do microaerophillic bacteria respire?

A

in limited oxygen (e.g. 5%) and can be killed by high oxygen concentrations

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10
Q

how do facultatively anaerobic bacteria respire?

A

can grow without o2 but do not need to. Are metabolically flexible

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11
Q

how do strictly anaerobic bacteria respire?

A

without oxygen

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12
Q

what can the respiration style of a bacteria tell us about their location in the body?

A

how reliant they are on air can illustrate if they function best in the intestine (low or no o2) or elsewhere where o2 is higher

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13
Q

what 2 byproducts are there of respiration and metabolism in bacteria?

A

hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical

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14
Q

what is hydrogen peroxide taken up by?

A

catalase

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15
Q

what is superoxide radical taken up by?

A

superoxide dismutase

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16
Q

do anaerobic bacteria produce hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical?

A

no

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17
Q

how do strictaerobic bacteria acquire energy?

A

aerobic respiration

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18
Q

how do microaerophillic bacteria acquire energy?

A

aerobic respiration

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19
Q

how do facultative anaerobic bacteria acquire energy?

A

aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
fermentation

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20
Q

how do strict anaerobic bacteria acquire energy?

A

anaerobic respiration

fermentation

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21
Q

do strict aerobic bacteria have a detox system?

A

yes - catalase and superoxide dismutase

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22
Q

do microaerophillic bacteria have a detox system?

A

yes - only superoxide dismutase

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23
Q

do facultative anaerobic bacteria have a detox system?

A

yes - catalase and superoxide dismutase

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24
Q

do strict anaerobic bacteria have a detox system?

A

no

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25
Q

what are barriers on a bacterial cell to nutrient uptake?

A

outer membrane and plasma membrane

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26
Q

what are not barriers on a bacterial cell to nutrient uptake?

A

capsule and peptidoglycan

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27
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for nutrient uptake?

A

passive diffusion
active diffusion
active transport

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28
Q

what are the by products of fermentation?

A

acids, CO2, hydrogen, alcohols

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29
Q

what does fermentation produce?

A

ATP
NADH2
NADPH2

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30
Q

what are the products of respiration?

A

CO2, ATP, NADH2 and NADPH2

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31
Q

what is the terminal electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen

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32
Q

what are the terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration?

A

nitrogen
sulfates
carbon dioxide

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33
Q

what are the types of media used to grow bacteria in labs?

A

nutritionally simple
enriched (non-specific)
selective
differential

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34
Q

what is the benefit of selective media over other types?

A

can inhibit or suppress other bacteria and enrich wanted bacteria

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35
Q

what does differential media allow for?

A

viewing visual differences in bacterial colonies

36
Q

describe the bacterial growth curve in a closed sytem

A

lag - log - stationary - death

37
Q

what happens during the lag phase of bacterial growth?

A

bacteria adapts to environment (e.g. selects enzymes that work best at host temperature and pH)

38
Q

what happens during the log phase of bacterial growth?

A

bacteria multiply exponentially

39
Q

what happens during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

a factor inhibits further bacterial growth so number remain steady

40
Q

what happens during the death phase of bacterial growth?

A

bacteria either poison themselves or starve

41
Q

how can doubling times vary between bacteria?

A

some can double every 20 minutes (E. Coli) others may take 24 hours (Mycobacterium bovis/TB)

42
Q

what does the slow doubling time of TB mean for testing?

A

very difficult to find an effective test for

43
Q

what is the value of studying bacteria?

A

identify it
learn how it may be killed (e.g. infection control)
vaccine production

44
Q

what does the morphology of bacteria describe?

A

its gross structure and shape

45
Q

what are the 4 main bacteria shapes?

A

coccus
bacillus
coccobacillus
pleomorphic

46
Q

what are the 9 main parts of a bacterial cell?

A 
mesosome
nucleoid
ribosome
inclusion bodies
capsule
surface proteins
cell wall 
plasma membrane
flagellum
47
Q

what is in the nucleoid of bacterial cells?

A

area of DNA

48
Q

what is the function of the mesosome?

A

holds proteins in one place

49
Q

what makes up the protoplast of a cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm and contents

50
Q

what are hopanoids used for in the bacterial plasma membrane?

A

stabilising the membrane

51
Q

describe the features of a gram positive cell wall

A

plasma membrane on the inside, peptideoglycan layer on the outside which can close gaps within itself if the bacteria is in a dry area

52
Q

where are gram positive cells often found?

A

outside the body (in dry areas)

53
Q

describe the features of a gram negative cell wall

A

two plasma membranes with a peptidoglycan layer in the centre. On the external plasma membrane there are lipopolysaccarides which contain antigens that keep immune cells away from the sensitive plasma membrane

54
Q

what are glycocalyx?

A

capsules/slime layers outside the cell wall which interfere with immune response

55
Q

what are flagella used for?

A

movement

56
Q

what are fimbriae (pili) used for?

A

used to stick to surfaces

57
Q

what are gram stain tests able to tell us?

A

the environment which the tested bacteria prefer

58
Q

what colour will a negative gram stain show?

A

purple

59
Q

what colour will a positive gram stain show?

A

pink

60
Q

where is bacterial DNA found?

A

nuclear region

61
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have?

A

1

62
Q

what shape are chromosomes in bacteria?

A

circular/double stranded and super coiled

63
Q

what are plasmids made up of?

A

extra-chromosomal circular DNA

64
Q

what is the function of plasmids?

A

auxillary genes, give the bacteria extra functions

65
Q

what types of plasmid are there?

A 
resistance
virulence
colicin
fertility
degradative
66
Q

what does variation of bacteria affect?

A

virulence
resistance to host defences
resistance to treatments

67
Q

how does mutation affect variation?

A

affect resident genome

68
Q

how does recombination affect variation?

A

relies on new DNA gained by taking up plasmoids

69
Q

when is variation retained?

A

were it causes and increase in fitness

70
Q

what is the name of bacteria which is free living in the environment?

A

saprophytes

71
Q

what is the name of the bacteria which live on/in animals?

A

parasites

72
Q

what are the 3 types of parasitic bacteria?

A

symbiotic
commensal
pathogenic

73
Q

what happens in a host parasite relationship with symbiotic bacteria?

A

bacteria and host gain (e.g. cellulase producing bacteria in the rumen)

74
Q

what happens in a host parasite relationship with commensal bacteria?

A

bacteria gain but cause no harm

75
Q

what happens in a host parasite relationship with pathogenic bacteria?

A

bacteria gain and cause harm

76
Q

what are the 2 types of pathogenic bacteria?

A

obligate and facultative

77
Q

how do facultative pathogenic bacteria cause infection?

A

normally harmless but with altered host conditions some have the facility to be pathogenic given this changed opportunity

78
Q

what are the 2 sources of infection by bacteria?

A

environment/other hosts

animals own commensal flora

79
Q

what is bacterial infection by environment/other hosts called?

A

exogenous infection

80
Q

what is bacterial infection by animals own commensal flora called?

A

endogenous infection

81
Q

what are the 3 opportunities for facultative pathogens?

A

new body site
altered body site
reduced defences

82
Q

what are examples of facultative infection caused by new body site?

A

e.coli - harmless in the gut but during surgery can be released into peritoneal cavity causing peritonitis
staph aureus - harmless in the nose but can lead to abscess if introduced through skin or septicemia if introduced into blood stream

83
Q

what are examples of opportunities for facultative infection caused by altered body site?

A

temperature
pH
commensal flora change

84
Q

what two things can cause alteration in commensal flora leading to growth of facultative bacteria?

A

antibiotic use - can wipe out all bacteria leaving those that are resistant room to grow
rapid nutritional change - alter commensal gut flora

85
Q

what are examples of opportunities for facultative infection caused by reduced defences?

A 
extremes of age
malnutrition
immunosuppressants
primary infection
stress
86
Q

what are examples of stress that could lead to facultative infection caused by reduced defences?

A 
transport
crowding
temperature extremes
wounding
trauma
birth
fatigue
feed changes (e.g. weaning)

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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