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X Pre Clinical Science > Biosignalling > Flashcards

Biosignalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What do extracellular signalling molecules bind to in the cell surface membrane?

A

protein receptors

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2
Q

What happens when extracellular signalling molecules bind to protein receptors in the cell surface membrane?

A

a cascade of reactions inside the cell is triggered

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3
Q

What are protein receptors in the cell membrane specific to?

A

extracellular signalling molecules

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4
Q

How can a large intracellular response be created from a single protein receptor?

A

cascades can amplify the signal they receive, very few molecules can lead to a large intracellular response

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5
Q

What must cells be able to do once the signal concentration falls?

A

switch off the response

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6
Q

what are the 4 types of inter cellular signalling?

A

endocrine, paracrine, neuronal, contact dependent

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7
Q

How does endocrine inter cellular signalling work?

A

the signalling molecules from one cell/tissue travel to other cells/tissues via the blood stream

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8
Q

How does pancrine intercellular signalling work?

A

signalling molecules from one cell act on the cells in the immediate surrounding area

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9
Q

How does neuronal intercellular signalling work?

A

signalling molecules are released from the end plate of a neuronal cell and travel across a synapse to the receptors on the target cell

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10
Q

How does contact dependent intercellular signalling work?

A

siganlling molecules are expressed on the cell surface of one cell and bind to the receptors of another cell when the two come into contact

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11
Q

What is the cell response the sum of?

A

all the signals it receives

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12
Q

What else determines a cells response aside from the signal strength?

A

the cell type

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13
Q

Do different cells have the same/similar receptors for the same signal molecules?

A

yes

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14
Q

What differs between cell types in terms of their response to signaling?

A

they have different intracellular cascades with different effector proteins

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15
Q

How do different intracellular cascades and effector proteins affect the cells response to signal proteins?

A

they can have different responses to the signal protein

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16
Q

How does acetylcholine affect heart muscle cells, salivary gland cells and skeletal muscle cells when it binds to the receptor molecule?

A

heart muscle cell: decreased rate and force of contraction
salivary gland cell: secretion of saliva
Skeletal muscle cell: contraction

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17
Q

What are the two speeds of cell response to signal proteins?

A

fast or slow

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18
Q

What do fast cell responses involve?

A

altering protein function within the cell

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19
Q

What does altered protein function within the cell after fast response to signal proteins lead to?

A

altered cytoplasmic behavior and altered cell response

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20
Q

How quickly does a fast cell response happen?

A

within milliseconds to a few minutes of receiving the signalling molecule

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21
Q

What do slow cell responses involve?

A

altering gene expression leading to the increase/decrease of protein synthesis or synthesising new proteins

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22
Q

how is gene expression altered by signalling proteins?

A

increasing or changing the signals to the DNA for protein synthesis

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23
Q

How does the change in amount or type of proteins synthesized affect the cell?

A

alters cytoplasmic behavior and alters cell response

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24
Q

how quickly does a slow cell response to signal molecules happen?

A

minutes to hours

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25
Q

Where can receptors be located?

A

on the cell surface membrane or intracellular

26
Q

What type of signalling molecules do intracellular receptors require?

A

hydrophillic ones that can enter the cell

27
Q

What receptors can hydrophobic signalling molecules bind to?

A

only cell surface receptors

28
Q

What are the 3 types of cell surface receptors?

A

ion-channel coupled receptors, G protein couple receptors (GPCRs), enzyme coupled receptors

29
Q

Give 2 examples of electronically excitable cells

A

muscle and nervous system cells

30
Q

In what type of cells are ion-channel coupled receptors located?

A

electrically excitable cells

31
Q

What do cell surface receptors in electrically excitable cells convert?

A

chemical signals to electrical ones

32
Q

What happens when the signalling molecule binds to the ion channel?

A

it opens allowing ions across the plasma membrane

33
Q

What are ions?

A

charged molecules (eg Cl-, K+)

34
Q

What does the movement of ions across the plasma membrane do to the membrane?

A

changes membrane potential of the cell and produces and electric current

35
Q

What body function are ion-channel coupled receptors responsible for?

A

rapid transmission of signals across synapses in the nervous system

36
Q

What are G proteins?

A

a class of proteins that sit in the plasma membrane and amplify the signal from receptor molecules

37
Q

What are G proteins linked to?

A

cell surface receptors

38
Q

What do the cell surface receptors linked to G proteins do when activated by a signalling molecule?

A

activate G proteins

39
Q

What do G proteins do once activated by linked cell surface receptors?

A

activate many enzyme molecules, amplifying the signal by producing large quantities of secondary messenger molecules

40
Q

Give and example of where GPCR is used?

A

adrenaline moved through GPCR to stimulate glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle

41
Q

What does adrenaline bind to when using GPCR?

A

beta adrenergic GPCR in the plasma membrane

42
Q

What subunit of the G protein activates adenyl cyclase?

A

alpha subunit

43
Q

What is adenyl cyclase?

A

an enzyme that produces cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP

44
Q

What does cyclic AMP activate during the GPCR response?

A

cAMP dependant protein kinase (PKA)

45
Q

What does PKA activate, once it has been activated by cyclic AMP, and how does it activate it?

A

phosphorylase kinase by adding a phosphate group to it from ATP

46
Q

What does active phosphorylase kinase activate and how does it do this?

A

glycogen phosphorylase by adding a phosphate group to it from ATP (phosphorylation)

47
Q

What does the activated glycogen phosphorylase catalyse at the end of the GPCR cascade?

A

glycogen breakdown

48
Q

What are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?

A

a large family of cell surface receptors that have intrinsic protein kinase activity

49
Q

What does the binding of a signalling molecule to RTKs induce?

A

formation of a dimer from receptors (joined molecules) which then activates intracellular proteins (protein kinase)

50
Q

What does the activation of the intracellular protein kinase domain do?

A

phosphorylates both the receptor (autophosphorylation) and other target proteins that are on the tyrosine residues

51
Q

Once the phosphorylation of receptors and target proteins has occurred in the RTK signalling response what happens to the signal?

A

it is relayed by activated signalling proteins in the cells interior

52
Q

What are examples of RTK receptors?

A

insulin receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors

53
Q

What are secondary receptors?

A

intracellular receptors that bind to molecules released by cell surface receptors

54
Q

What are the molecules that can often enter cells?

A

hormones

55
Q

What binds to intracellular signalling receptors?

A

signalling molecules that enter the cell

56
Q

How is a hormone typically carried to tissues?

A

via a serum binding protein which diffuses across the cell membrane

57
Q

Once in the cell what does the hormone bind to?

A

intracellular receptor in the cell nucleus

58
Q

What does the binding of the hormone to the intracellular receptor in the cell nucleus cause?

A

dimerization with other hormone receptor complexes

59
Q

What are specific regulatory regions in the DNA called?

A

hormone response elements (HREs)

60
Q

What are HREs adjacent to?

A

specific genes

61
Q

What does the dimerised intracellular hormone receptor attract?

A

coactivator/compressor protein(s) that regulate the transcription of the adjacent gene

62
Q

What does the increased/decreased mRNA production, as a result of coactivator/conmpressor proteins, alter?

A

the production of the corresponding protein which produces a cellular response

X Pre Clinical Science (17 decks)

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