SAM4 MT 1 Flashcards
If a cat has enlarged kidneys, which diagnosis is NOT probable? PKD (polycystic kidney disease) Hydronephrosis Lymphoma of the kidneys renal fibrosis
renal fibrosis
Renal amyloidosis is typically NOT caused by? chronic inflammatory process neoplastic process chronic liver disease genetic (familiar) causes
chronic liver disease
This antibiotic is NOT excreted with the urine thus is NOT a proper treatment for urinary tract infections amoxicillin cephalosporins rifampicin trimetoprim-sulfonamid
rifampicin
It is typically causes “acute on chronic” kidney disease: pre-existing chronic kidney disease, plus: polypoid cystitis hemodynamic disturbance hyperthyroidism hepatopathy
hemodynamic disturbance
The following is NOT true about polycystic kidney disease:
is often asymptomatic
renal abscesses may develop in case of bacterial infection of the cysts
ultrasound examination is required to make a diagnosis
treatment is often surgical
The following is NOT true about polycystic kidney disease:
is often asymptomatic
renal abscesses may develop in case of bacterial infection of the cysts
ultrasound examination is required to make a diagnosis
treatment is often surgical
Renal amyloidosis typically found in…. which cat breed? persian siamese abyssinian bengal
abyssinian
If a dog is azotaemic, then… choose the right answer!
… the ammonia level is increased in its blood
… 50% of its nephrons have been destroyed in their kidneys
… it may have been dehydrated
… it has urethral obstruction
… the ammonia level is increased in its blood
Renal amyloidosis typically found in… which dog breed? Basenji Shar-pei Hungarian Viszla Poodle
Shar-pei
The most common lower urinary tract disease of cats prostate diseases idiopathic cystitis urolithiasis bacterial cystitis
idiopathic cystitis
Which is NOT true for nephrosis syndrome?
subcutaneous edema is a typical finding
it caused by glomerulonephropathies
hypotension is a typical finding
there is a high risk of thrombosis
hypotension is a typical finding ?
It prolongs the survival of dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease: increased phosphorous intake medical reduction of proteinuria “urinary” diet A, B and C are all true
“urinary” diet
Which is NOT a contributing factor concerning lower urinary tract infections? incontinence corticosteroid therapy feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) Fanconi syndrome
incontinence
The most common lower urinary tract disease of cats? Prostate diseases idopathic diseases Urolithiasis Bacterial cystitis
idopathic diseases
The second most common lower urinary tract disease of dog? Prostate diseases Sterile cystitis Urolithiasis Bacterial cystitis
Urolithiasis
The second most common lower urinary tract disease of cat? Prostate diseases Sterile cystitis Urolithiasis Bacterial cystitis
Urolithiasis
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in dogs in case of haematuria? urolithiasis Benign prostate gland hypertrophy bacterial cystitis neoplasia
neoplasia
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in cats in case of haematuria? FIC Urolithiasis Neoplasia Bacterial cystitis
Urolithiasis
Which statement is true about the progression of CKD?
hypertension and proteinuria can increase the hyperfiltration of the nephrons
Renal fibrosis is primary caused by the excessive production of parathormone
The progression of CKD is generally reversible with specific therapy
the loss of functional nephrons lead to an increase in the glomerular filtration rate
Renal fibrosis is primary caused by the excessive production of parathormone
The most effective gastric protectant for dogs with chronic kidney disease is Pantoprazole Famotidine Sucralfate Benazepril
Pantoprazole
The most common antihypertensive drug in dogs and cats: Telmisartan Benazepril Amlodipin Pantoprazole
Amlodipin
What is NOT true about renal glycosuria? It is caused by glomerular diseases Plasma glucose levels are normal Can have genetic causes may be a part of Fanconi syndrome
It is caused by glomerular diseases
The most important aspect of struvite urolithiasis treatment in dogs Diet antibiotics urine acidification all three above
all three above
Choose the correct answer! High-dose maintenance fluid therapy (>100 ml/kg/day) for acute kidney injury
it increases diuresis, thus “flushes” the kidney faster
may cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow
Ensures adequate daily fluid intake in anorexic animals
In anuria, it ensures that renal function and urine production are restored quickly
may cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow
Fanconi syndrome is NOT characterized by: Proximal tubular acidosis Central diabetes insipidus aminoaciduria Glycosuria
Central diabetes insipidus
Which of the following breeds is usually not affected by ectopic ureter? Labrador Husky German Shepherd West Highland White Terrier
German Shepherd
Which statement is correct? In case of renal traumatic bleeding …
in the abdominocentesis is always positive (blood)
the plain abdominography is usually pathognomic
retroperitoneal radiography blood loss may even lead to exsanguination
retroperitoneal blood loss may occur but usually does not lead to life threatening circulatory changes
retroperitoneal radiography blood loss may even lead to exsanguination
Which of the following protocols is to be followed in case of acute obstruction form of Feline Lower Urinary Tract disease?
Stabilisation perineal urethrostomy
Stabilisation cystocentesis
Stabilisation urinary bladder expression
Stabilisation urethral catheterisation
Stabilisation urethral catheterisation ?
Which of the following suture patterns is not recommended for cystotomy wound closure?
Double layer continuous Lembert
Double layer (penetrating Lembert) suture
Single layer seromuscular continuous suture
Double layer interrupted Lembert
Double layer (penetrating Lembert) suture
Which of the following protocols is to be followed in case of acute obstruction form of Feline Lower Urinary Tract disease?
Stabilisation perineal urethrostomy
Stabilisation cystocentesis
Stabilisation urinary bladder expression
Stabilisation urethral catheterisation
Stabilisation urethral catheterisation
Which of the following conditions does not cause hydronephrosis?
Ureteral stricture associated with previous surgery
Ureteral torsion
Ureteral tumor
Ureterolithiasis
Ureteral torsion
Which statement is incorrect concerning prostate ultrasonography?
It can detect fluid accumulation within the organ
It can detect parenchymal hypertrophy
It can differentiate cyst from abscess
It provides possibility of core biopsy
It can differentiate cyst from abscess
Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding nephrolithiasis? It can occur bilaterally It can lead to ureterolithiasis It can be caused by congenital disorder Dalmatians always form urate uroliths
Dalmatians always form urate uroliths
Which statement is correct regarding ectopic ureter?
It may cause dysuria
In acquired form, the incontinence is recurring
The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes
The urinary incontinence is always constant
The urinary incontinence might be combined with normal micturition episodes
Treatment of pyelonephritis: which answer is wrong?
ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids
Puncture and flushing of the renal pelvis
Systemic antibiotics
Fluid therapy
ACE inhibitors, omega-3 fatty acids
Monitoring blood pressure is particularly important In young animals In Feline idiopathic Cystitis In Kidney disease In case of heart failure
In Kidney disease
Which is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease
Blood urea and creatinine measurement
Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels
Urine Sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity
Detection of proteinura?
Detection of proteinura?
In case of elevated of blood creatinine concentration ..the animal is uremic .. the animal has kidney disease .. the animal has azotaemia .. the animal was fed too much protein ?
.. the animal was fed too much protein ?
Which statement is TRUE? In case of pyelonephritis
The bacteria usually reach the renal pelvis the systemic circulation
We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspiration the renal pelvis
On ultrasound examination we find shrunken kidenys
Usually the urinary sediment is unchanged becuse the inflammation is limited to the renal pelvis.
We can get a sample for diagnostic tests by aspiration the renal pelvis
Causes of hypertension in kidney patients. Which answer is not correct?
Prolonged activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
Sodium retention
Dehydration
Systemic vasoconstriction
Dehydration?
Which statement is wrong? in acute kidney failure, mannitol infusion..
Should only be given to a previously rehydrated patient
Can be repeated up to 5 times in case of anuria
Can be repeated many times if diuresis is present
Is recommended in oliguric renal failure
Can be repeated up to 5 times in case of anuria
True about urohydropropulsion
This technique requires good surgical skills
No sedation is required when using this technique
When applying this technique the renal pelvis is connected to the urinary bladder with a special shunt
This technique may be suitable for removing small stones from the urinary bladder.
This technique may be suitable for removing small stones from the urinary bladder.
IRIS stage- I chronic renal failure is associated with… Azotaemia Anaemia, metabolic acidosis Uremia Decreased specific gravity of urine
Decreased specific gravity of urine
Abnormalities that are typical for chronic renal disease. Which answer is wrong? Hypertension PU/PD Hypophosphataemia Hypokalaemia
Hypophosphataemia
Postrenal azotaemia.. which is the wrong answer?
May be due to urethral obstruction
may cause kidney damage without treatment
may be due to severe dehydration
may be due to ureter rupture
may be due to severe dehydration
Which one of the following is not typical in case of acute kidney injury? Cachexia Vomitus Metabolic acidosis Uraemic ulcers
Uraemic ulcers
hich is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease?
Blood urea and creatinine measurement
Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels
Urine sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity measurement
Detection of proteinuria
Measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium and potassium levels
Renal cysts… Are always congenital are always bilateral Are mainly incidental findings generally cause renal failure
Are mainly incidental findings
What is the most common cause of struvite urolithiasis in dogs?
Neutering in bitches
Chronic bacterial urinary tract infection
Dietary anomaly
Inadequate response to stressors
Chronic bacterial urinary tract infection
Which therapy is not recommended for the treatment of dehydration in chronic kidney disease? Administration of intravenous infusion Administration of subcutaneous infusion Increase of water consumption Dialysis treatment
Dialysis treatment
How would you treat a cat diagnosed with interstitial cystitis (FIC)?
Antibiotics
Urine acidifying diet
Catheterization, flushing the bladder with isotonic saline
Increase water intake
Catheterization, flushing the bladder with isotonic saline
Possible cause of hydroneprhosis: Which statement is wrong?
Ureter stone
Granuloma formation following neutralization
Ascending infection
Transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder
Ascending infection
Until what level is it recommended to increase the hematocrit (ht) with erythropoietin/darbapoetin therapy in chronic kidney disease?
Until Ht is 22-25%
Until Ht is around 30%
To normal range
The sucess of the treatment does not depend on the Ht value
Until Ht is around 30%
What is recommended to start erythropoietin/darbepoetin therapy in chronic kidney disease?
if cyanosis is already occurring due to hypoxia
When the hematocrit level drops to 18-20%
Only when clinical signs of hypoxia are already present, not earlier
If the systolic blood pressure is >180mmHg
When the hematocrit level drops to 18-20%
Oliguria in the dog/etiology
Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra
Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis
Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease
Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies
Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis
You can diagnose pyelonephritis by.. Which answer is wrong?
Hemoculture in case of azotaemia
The histological examination of renal biopsy specimen
Visualizing pelvis dilation with imaging methods and performing urine culture
the microbiological examination of a renal pelvis punctuate
The histological examination of renal biopsy specimen
Which of the following therapeutic steps is to be taken first after diagnosing urethral obturation in male dog? Urethrohydropropulsio Prescrotal urethrostomy Scrotal urethrostomy Perineal urethrostomy
Urethrohydropropulsio
What is the advantage of scrotal urethrostomy?
Castration can prevent urinary incontinence
The perineal urethrostomy can be avoided
Easily dissectable urethral section, wider and safer stoma
The cystotomy can be avoided
Easily dissectable urethral section, wider and safer stoma
Which of the following findings indicate the diagnosis of bladder rupture?
If the cystourethral catheterization cannot harvest urine in a traumatised patient
If the urine is bloody obtained via cystourethral catheterisation in a traumatised patient
If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive anterograde cystography
If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography
If the contrast leakage is confirmed by positive retrograde cystography
Which of the followings is the most informative one for diagnosing ectopic ureter? Cystoscopy Double contrast cystography Intravenous urography pneumocystography Urinary scintigraphy (TcO4)
ntravenous urography pneumocystography
Which of the following tools/findings is of lowest diagnostic value in the diagnosis of urinary bladder tumors? Double contrast cystography Ultrasonography Urine sediment analysis/cytology Therapy-irresponsive hematuria
Therapy-irresponsive hematuria
Which statement is FALSE?
In glomerular proteinuria, large proteins are excreted in the urine
In tubular proteinuria, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) is very high
Borderline proteinuria means UPC is between 0.2 and 0.4/0.5 (cats/dogs)
In tubular proteinuria, the urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) is very high
Choose the correct answer! High-dose maintenance fluid theraåy (> 100 ml/kg/day) for acute kidney injury:
It increases diuresis, thus “flushes” the kidneys faster
May cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow
Ensures adequate daily fluid intake in anorexic animals
In anuria, it ensures that renal function and urine production are restored quickly
May cause interstitial edema in the kidneys, that decreases GFR and renal blood flow
Most effective gastric protectant for dogs with chronic kidney disease is: Pantoprazole Famotidine Sucralfate Benazepril
Pantoprazole
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in dogs in case of hematuria? Urolithiasis Benign prostate hypertrophy Bacterial cystitis Neoplasma
Bacterial cystitis
Renal cysts … Are always congenital Are always bilateral Are mainly incidental findings Generally cause renal failure
Are mainly incidental findings
NOT a typical laboratory alteration in CKD: Hypokalemia Anemia Hyperphosphatemia Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
IRIS stage-1 chronic renal failure is associated with … azotemia Anemia, metabolic acidosis Uremia Decreased USG
Anemia, metabolic acidosis
Which statement is TRUE about immune-complex glomerulonephritis?
diagnosis can be made based on the typical ultrasound image of kidneys
urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high
an important element of therapy is broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment
serum albumin level is increased
urine protein/creatinine ratio is typically high
IRIS classification of CKD. Which answer is wrong?
there are 4 stages determined by the serum creatinine level
in stage 1 the creatinine level is only mildly elevated
therese are substages based on the presence of proteinuria
there are substages based on the degree of hypertension
in stage 1 the creatinine level is only mildly elevated
This feline lower urinary tract disease can be accompanied by crystalluria: idiopathic cystitis urolithiasis bacterial cystitis all three
idiopathic cystitis
What is NOT true for feline interstitial cystitis (FIC)?
antibiotics are useless
affected cats mostly fed by dry food
effected cats are mostly outdoor animals
affected cats are mostly neutered animals
effected cats are mostly outdoor animals
Which circumstances may cause nephrosis/acute kidney injury? Which answer is wrong?
hypotension, dehydration
overhydration with crystalloid infusions
hypothermia, NSAID therapy
antibiotics, chemotherapy
overhydration with crystalloid infusions
The application of this drug is NOT recommended to improve the appetite of cats with chronic kidney disease? mirtazapine vitamin B preparations maropitant pantoprazole
pantoprazole
To determine the urine concentrating ability of the kidneys we use:
determination of blood urea level
determination of urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)
determination of urine specific gravity with a refractometer
determination of blood creatinine and SDMA levels
determination of urinary total protein/creatinine ratio (UPC)
Ectopic ureters.. which answer is wrong? are usually causing constant urine dripping are occuring only in females can be diagnosed by x-ray or CT-exam can be diagnosed with cystoscopy
are occuring only in females
Which urinary stone type can not be dissolved medically? struvite cystine purine calcium-oxalate
calcium-oxalate
Which is NOT an indications for dialysis treatment
anuric acute kidney injury
polyuric acute kidney injury unresponsive to fluid therapy
chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis
removal of toxins in case of acute toxicosis
chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis
The creatinine level of dogs and cats with IRIS stage 1 chronic kidney disease is; Normal >240 umol/l >340 umol/l >440 umol/
Normal
Oliguria in the dog/etiology?
Chronic renal disease, nephrosis/nephritis, pyometra
Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis
Dehydration, renal insufficiency, chronic liver disease
Endocrine disorders, hepatopathies
Inadequate water intake, dehydration, acute nephrosis
Which of the following procedures is not recommended for surgical resolution of prostatic cysts? Marsupialisation Omentalisation Drainage Puncture
Puncture
In dogs, which type of urolithiasis can be affected by housing conditions, lifestyle and body condition? Struvite Calcium oxalate Purine Cystine
Calcium oxalate
In dogs, which type of urolithiasis can be affected by housing conditions, lifestyle and body condition? Struvite Calcium oxalate Purine Cystine
Calcium oxalate
Which of the following uroliths is surely radiodense? Struvite Calcium-oxalate Ammonium-urate Cystine
Calcium-oxalate
Symptoms of lower urinary tract disease in small animals? Which answer is wrong? Hematuria, pollakiuria stranguria, dysuria polyuria, azotaemia Periuria, incontience
polyuria, azotaemia ?
What is the cause of purine urolithiasis? Hyperuricosuria Portosystemic shunt Chronic liver disease All of them above
Portosystemic shunt
Polydipsia/definition/dog and cat
Dog and cat: water intake more than 50 ml/bwkg/day
Dog: water intake more than 80-100 ml/bwkg/day, cat: water intake more than 50/mlbwkg/day
Dog and cat: water intake more than 100 ml/bwkg/day
Dog: water intake more than 50 ml/bwkg/, Cat: water intake more than 100 ml/bwkg/day
Dog: water intake more than 80-100 ml/bwkg/day, cat: water intake more than 50/mlbwkg/day
Renal proteinuria can be decreased by: Renal diet Antihypertensive drugs ACE-inhibitors A, B and C are true
Renal diet
Typical symptoms of renal tubular acidosis Metabolic acidosis Incontinence Polyuria, polydipsia Bone development disorders
Metabolic acidosis
Which is the least important to establish the diagnosis of kidney disease?
blood urea and creatinine measurement
measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium, and potassium levels
urine sediment evaluation and urine specific gravity measurement
detection of proteinuria
measurement of blood phosphorus, calcium, and potassium levels (?)
