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Cranio Exam 2 > salivary gland physiology > Flashcards

salivary gland physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how does saliva protect?

A
  • pH control (buffer by HCO3)
  • maintenance of mineralized surfaces (saliva is supersaturated with CaPO4–favors remin)
  • lubrication and hydration–viscous solution coats and sticks to surfaces
  • formation of enamel pellicle: layer of salivary proteins deposited on tooth surface–diffusion barrier, attachment of bacteria
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2
Q

how does saliva control oral microflora?

A
  • direct killing: inhibition of bacterial, fungal growth, and possible antiviral activity
  • agglutination and clearance by swallowing
  • modulation of binding: favors attachment of benign species–have advantage over non-binding pathogens
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3
Q

taste and digestion of saliva

A
  • implicated in taste perception
  • hydrolysis of strach initiated
  • protection against dietary components
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4
Q

blood clotting with saliva

A

reduced bleeding time in oral cavity, saliva accelerates clotting

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5
Q

protective components of saliva

A
  • hypotonic mix of inorganic ions
  • main buffering agent is bicarbonate
  • supersaturated in calcium phosphate
  • complex mix of over 50 proteins
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6
Q

mucins

A

large, hydrophilic, hydrated molecules

-provide viscosity, pellicle component, binding site for bacteria, facilitate clearance by agglutination

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7
Q

lactoferrin

A

binds iron

inhibits bacterial growth

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8
Q

lysozyme

A

antimicrobial

acts on cell wall

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9
Q

histatins

A

small histidine-rich peptides, powerful antifungals

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10
Q

lactoperoxidase

A

forms hypothiocyanite ion, highly toxic to bacteria

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11
Q

amylase

A

hydrolyzes starch

helps clear carbohydrate from teeth, may be antimicrobial

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12
Q

secretory IgAs

A

may bind bacteria and facilitate clearance

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13
Q

statherin

A

small tyrosine-rich peptide

inhibits spontaneous CaPO4 precipitation from saliva, could facilitate remin of small lesions in teeth

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14
Q

proline-rich proteins**

A

most abundant salivary protein (up to 70%)
bind dietary tannins
major pellicle components
control calculus

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15
Q

salivay glands are controlled mainly by—

A

parasympathetic signals

originate in superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in brain stem

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16
Q

many taste stimuli increase secretion —- fold basal rates

A

8-20

17
Q

salivary glands secretion moderately increased by ____

A

sympathetic nervous signals

originate in superior cervical ganglia and travel alongside blood vessels to glands

18
Q

gland secretion involves two integrated processes:

A
  1. production of a fluid
  2. secretion of proteins (mainly by exocytosis)
    - different stimuli can elicit different mix of two systems
19
Q

parasympathetic stimulation leads to production of saliva at a high flow rate but with a _______ organic content

A

lower

20
Q

sympathetic stimulation leads to a relatively smaller increase of flow rate but more ____

A

viscous

21
Q

how do neurotransmitters start salivary secretion?

A

bind to specific receptors on basolateral surface of acinar cells
trigger production of specific intracellular messages
-messages trigger production of fluid/ion secretion and exocytosis of proteins

22
Q

sympathetic NT and receptor

A 
norepinephrine (adrenergic)
alpha adrenergic (alpha 1 is main) and beta adrenergic (beta 1 is main)
23
Q

parasympathetic NT and receptor

A

acetylcholine–cholinergic

muscarinic

24
Q

majority of protein synthesized and secreted by —

A

acinar cells

25
Q

acini secrete approx isotonic mix of —–, ducts reabsorb —–, release —–

A

inorganic ions
ducts reabsorb Na+, Cl-
release K+
result is hypotonic solution

26
Q

unstimulated saliva flow rate for submandibular and sublingual

A

~63%

0.04-0.40

27
Q

minor gland secretion makes up for what percent of secretion?

A

10%

28
Q

highly differentiated and polarized cells committed to production of proteins for exocrine secretion

A

acinar cells

  • -extensive RER
  • -large number of storage granules
29
Q

protein synthesis in salivary glands

A
  1. stimulus dependent exocytosis of storage granules
  2. basal level exocytosis of storage granules
  3. immature granules provide 15% unstimulated secretion
    4 & 5. low level constitutve epithelial pathways
30
Q

two stage process of salivary fluid formation

A
  1. initially formed as nearly isotonic plasma-like secretion in acinar lumen
  2. modified in ducts by removal of Na+, Cl-, and addition of K+, HCO3- with no further secretion or absorption of water to produce hypotonic solution
31
Q

steps for production of saliva

A
  1. stimulation from PNS
  2. acetylcholine muscarinic receptor
  3. M3 for stimulation of saliva (odd # stimulation)
  4. activate secondary messenger–diglyceride lipase
  5. want initial Ca release–bind channels–> open voltage gated channels–> influx of Cl-
32
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

autonomic and bind to adrenaline and noradrenaline
sympathetic nervous system
adrenaline and noradrenaline
alpha and beta receptors

33
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

autonomic receptors that bind to acetylcholine
parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

34
Q

first stage for fluid secretion

A

cl- dependent

HCO3 dependent

35
Q

four membrane transport systems of fluid secretion

A
  1. loop diuretic (furosemide, bumetanide)–sensitive Na/K/Cl ion cotransporter in acinar basolateral membrane
  2. basolateral Ca activated K channel (allows K OUT)
  3. basolateral Na/K ATPase (pumps Na out)
  4. apical Ca activated Cl- channel
36
Q

in resting state, K and Cl—

A

concentrated in acinar cell above electrochemical equilibrium

  • -K by Na/K ATPase
  • -Cl by Na/K/Cl transporter
37
Q

when stimulated by alpha adrenergic or cholinergic what happens

A
  • intracellular Ca increases
  • opens basolateral K channel; apical Cl- channel
  • K+ exits cell basolaterally
  • Cl- exits cell into lumen
  • net neg charge in lumen
  • Na+ follows Cl- by leaking from interstitium
  • creates NaCl osmotic gradient
  • causes transepithelial movement of water into lumen
38
Q

cl-dependent secretion model

A

entry of Cl across basolateral membrane mediated by Na/K/Cl2 cotransporter and paired Na/H and Cl-/HCO3 exchangers.
-Cl exit across apical mem via Cl- channel

Cranio Exam 2 (11 decks)

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