Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechansims (Exam III) Flashcards
1
Q
Cells involves in innate immunity include:
A
Macrophage
Mast Cell
Dendritic Cell
NK cells
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
2
Q
What protein is involved in innate immunity
A
Complement protein
3
Q
What cells are involved in adaptive immunity
A
B cells
T cells (CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell)
4
Q
What non-cell component is involved in adaptive cell immunity
A
Antibodies
5
Q
Helper T cells
A
CD4+
6
Q
Cytotoxic T cells
A
CD8+
7
Q
What are the common components between the adaptive and innate immune systems
A
Natural Killer T cells AND
8
Q
The T in T cells refers to
A
Thymus-dependent lymphocytes
9
Q
The B in B cells refers to
A
Bursa of facbricius lymphocytes
10
Q
What are T and B cells derived from in humans
A
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
11
Q
T cells are classified into subsets based on the cell-surface expression of:
A
CD4 or CD8 molecules
12
Q
What type of T cells protect against intracellular microbes and function in cell-mediated immunity
A
CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic)
13
Q
B Cells proliferate and differentiated into plasma cells after activation by
A
Helper T cells
14
Q
Antibody secretion is seen in what type of immunity
A
Humoral
15
Q
What are the primary lymphoid organs
A
Thymus and bone marrow
16
Q
What are the secondary lymphoid organs
A
Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, MALT
17
Q
Produce reactive cells and eliminate self-reacting cells
A
Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)
18
Q
Environment for proliferation, maturation, cell-cell interaction, and cytokine-cell interaction
A
Secondary lymphoid organs
19
Q
Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via
A
Thoracic duct
20
Q
Naive lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes from
A
The blood
21
Q
Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via
A
Lymphatics
22
Q
Molecules found on all nucleated cells of the body
A
MHC class I
23
Q
MHC Class II molecules are normally restricted to
A
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
24
Q
What are the antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
A
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
25
What recognizes the complex of viral peptide within MHC Class I and kills the infected cell
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
26
How do the cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell presented by MHC Class I
(2)
1- perforin-mediated cell death
2- Fas-mediated apoptosis
27
MHC Class I uses the _____ pathway
Endogenous
28
MHC Class II uses the ____ pathway
exogenous
29
What subunits compose the T cell receptor
Alpha and beta
30
Antigen-presenting molecules
Major histocompatability complexes
31
The MHC molecules in humans are called
Human leukocytes antigens (HLA)
32
If we are talking about the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as viral peptide we are referring to what class of MHC molecules
MHC class I
33
If we are talking about endosomes, acidified vesicle proteases, fusion and pathogens/proteins we are referring to what class of MHC molecules
Class II
34
What recognizes the complex of bacterial peptide with MHC class II and activates the macrophage
Type I helper T cells
35
Intracellular killing is enhanced by type I helper cells releasing
Interferon gamma
36
What recognizes the complex of antigenic peptide with MHC class II and activates B cell
Helper T cell
37
Activation of ____ results in cytokine production recruited for proliferation and development into plasma cells
Type two helper T cells
38
The F(ab)2 region of the antibody functions in
Antigen binding
39
The Fc region of the antibody functions to bind Fc receptors on ____ and activates ____
Phagocytes
Complement
40
Most abundant antibody in serum, four subclasses and confers long-term protection
IgG
41
Antibody with pentamer structure, usually the first antibody made during primary response, excellent at binding complement proteins
IgM
42
Antibody that functions in allergic (anaphylactic) responses, contains anti-parasitic properties
IgE
43
Antibody that is a secretory dimer but circulatory monomer, and is first defense for mucosal surfaces
IgA
44
Number of binding sites on:
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
G, E, D - 2
A- 4
M - 10
45
What antibody can cross the placenta
IgG
46
Main antibody of the primary responses, best at fixing complement, and monomer form serves as B cell receptor
IgM
47
Main antibody of secondary responses, neutralizes toxins, opsonization
IgG
48
Secreted into mucus, tears, saliva and colostrum
IgA
49
Antibody of allergy and antiparasitic activity
IgE
50
Antibody that is a B cell receptor
IgD
51
The three pairs of major salivary glands
1- parotid
2- submandibular
3- sublingual
52
Saliva is complex, ____ and ____ fluid
Hypotonic
Slightly acidic
53
Saliva is 99% ____ and less than 1% _____
Water
Solid
54
The less than 1% of solid components that comprise saliva are
Proteins and electrolytes
55
What percent of total amount of saliva is produced by the major salivary glands
90%
56
In a healthy person the daily secretion range of saliva is:
In a healthy person the average salivary secretion is:
0.5-1 L
0.61 L
57
What type of saliva is produced by the parotid gland
Purely serous
58
What type of saliva is produced by submandibular gland
Mainly serous
59
What type of saliva is produced by the sublingual gland
Mainly mucous
60
What type of saliva is produced by the minor gland
What is the exception
Mainly mucous
Von Ebners gland - strictly serous
61
Saliva function is ____ and _____ of retrograde salivary gland infection
Lubrication and prevention
62
Saliva functions in formation of acquired ____ and ____
Enamel
Mucosal pellicles
63
Saliva functions in clearance of _____ and _____
Dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms
64
Saliva functions in taste and digestion by
Dissolving and transporting substances
65
What are the three defensive activities that saliva functions in
Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antifungal
66
Saliva services as a ______ to the bacteria for the balance of oral microbiome
Nutritional source
67
Saliva serves as a _______ through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems
Buffering capacity
68
Highly glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins produced by mucous acinar cells of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands that are important for lubrication and protections
Mucins
69
Major enzyme in saliva that breaks down complex carbohydrates and is secreted from serous acinar cells of the parotid gland
Alpha amylase
70
Amylase breaks down ingested starch into: (3)
maltose, maltotriose and dextrins
71
Amylase functions to facilitate bacterial _____ of carbohydrates
Fermentation
72
Amylase facilities _______ of bacteria to oral surfaces
Adherence
73
Amylase binds _____ and ____ to promote their clearance
S. Gordonii and S. Mitis
74
Serves to modulate adhesion, co-adhesion and colonization of microorganisms
Amylase
75
Comprise lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide
Peroxidase systems
76
Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of _____ to hypothiocyanite by hydrogen peroxide
Thiocyanate
77
The hypothiocyanate inhibits important bacterial ________ and exerts _____ effects on S. Mutans, Lactobacilli, yeasts, several gram-negative species including periodontal pathogens and certain viruses
Metabolic processes
Antimicrobial effects
78
Part of the innate salivary defense mechanism, and could be found in the saliva, dental plaque, and salivary pellicle
Lysozyme
79
An iron-binding glycoprotein secreted by serous acinar cells of major and minor salivary glands
Lactoferrin
80
Lactoferrin can also come from
Neutrophils and GCF
81
Lactoferrin binds and sequesters iron depriving ___ and _____ from essential nutrients
Bacteria and yeast
82
What are the three forms of Lactoferrin
1- iron-free (apolactoferrin)
2- ferric Lactoferrin
3- saturated Lactoferrin
83
Lactoferrin exhibits ____ and ____ activities
Antiviral and antifungal
84
Constitute 25-30% of all salivary proteins and are produced by the parotid and submandibular glands
Proline-rich proteins
85
Present in saliva of the parotid and submandibular glands, and is a phosphoprotein
Statherin
86
Cysteine-continuing phosphoroproteins which have proteinase inhibiting properties, controlling proteolytic activity from host or microorganisms
7 different proteoforms present in saliva
Cystatins
87
Family of cationic peptides produced by ductal cells of the major salivary glands, they exhibit antifungal activity towards C. Albicans, they can bind to microbial cell membranes, promote aggregation, and integrate into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane (formation of pores)
Histatins
88
The major classes of salivary immunoglobulins in human saliva (2)
IgA
IgG
89
Salivary immunoglobulin sIgA works to prevent pathogens and antigens from getting access to the oral epithelium, what is this process called
Immune exclusion
90
Prototype of cationic peptides, also found in saliva and GCF. Based on pattern of cysteine-pairing there are two subfamilies.
These peptides absorb onto the bacterial cell membranes leading to aggregation and integration into the lipid bilayer
Defensins
91
Functions of GCF include: (3)
1. Cleanse materials
2. Improve adhesion of epithelium to tooth (through plasma proteins)
3. Possess antimicrobial properties
92
MAMPs
PRRs
Microbe-associated molecular patterns
Pathogen recognition receptor
