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Applied Biochemistry > How Genes Direct The Producton Of Proteins (Exam III) > Flashcards

How Genes Direct The Producton Of Proteins (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells achieve their specialized function based upon the expression of _______ and any subsequent ____ of the resulting proteins

A

Specific genes
Post-translational modifications

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2
Q

What is degraded more quickly DNA or RNA, and why

A

RNA
Because it undergoes nucleophilic attack of the ribose moiety

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3
Q

What degrade RNA very quickly

A

Ribonuclease

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4
Q

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes you can have adjacent genes that get transcribed

A

In opposed directions

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5
Q

A segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and its associated transcriptional control regions

A

Gene

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6
Q

Transcriptional control regions of genes and RNA

A

Promotor regions

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7
Q

The type of RNA that is translated into proteins

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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8
Q

The type of RNA that are important in transfer of amino acids to the growing peptide chain

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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9
Q

Most abundant form of RNA

A

Ribsosomal RNA (rRNA)

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10
Q

Form of RNA that encodes ribosomal proteins

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

What form of RNA that blocks translation on specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

A

MicroRNA (miRNA)

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12
Q

What form of RNA turns off gene expression by directing the selective degradation of mRNAs

A

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

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13
Q

What is the form of RNA that process and chemically modify rRNAs

A

Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs)

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14
Q

What form of RNA modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

A

Small cajal RNAs (scaRNA)

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15
Q

Involved in telomere synthesis, X-chromosome inactivation and protein transport into the ER

A

Other non coding RNAs

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16
Q

Make up abut 80% of all RNAs in the cell

A

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)

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17
Q

Abundance of tRNA in the cell

A

15%

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18
Q

Abundance of mRNA in the cell

A

3-5%

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19
Q

All RNAs have to be transcribed from a

A

Gene in the genome

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20
Q

In eukaryotic organisms most protein coding genes are transcribed by

A

RNA polymerase II

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21
Q

When you see RNA polymerase II think:

A

Protein coding

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22
Q

Transcription always starts at a ______ point in the DNA and requires unwinding of the DNA to creat the proper single-stranded template

A

Specific

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23
Q

Gene expression is regulated by numerous transcription factors that interaction with _____ in DNA and/or proteins bound to these regions

A

Promoter elements

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24
Q

The presence/absence of specific factors is an obligatory first step in the initiation of ______ bindign and subsequent RNA polymerase binding

A

TBP/TFIID

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25
Q

A very important sequence of the 5’ side (start site) of transcription

A

TATA box

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26
Q

Transcription starts at (what base)

A

Base 1

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27
Q

TATA Box is rich in

A

Thymine and and adenine (maybe thymadine)

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28
Q

The TAT box will bind a very important transcription factor called:

A

TBP and TFIID (transcription factor IID)

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29
Q

The dimer that TATA box binds to is composed of

A

TBP and TFIID

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30
Q

The TATA box localized the dimer protein (TBP TFIID) to position itself relative to the start of transcription through

A

the binding of TBP to the TATA box

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31
Q

Following the TATA box binding TBP and positioning it, this allows _____ to bind and position itself

A

TFIID

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32
Q

After positioning the TBP and TFIID factor properly:

A

TFIIB comes in and postitions itself

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33
Q

The binding and positioning of TFIIB leads to the recruitment of

A

A bunch of other factors

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34
Q

Once the TATA box has bound TBP and TBP allows for the correcting positioning of TFIID and TFIID allows for the correct positioning of TFIIB and TFIIB recruits all the other important factors/molecules, this will allows for the correct positioning of

A

RNA Polymerase II

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35
Q

It is important that RNA polymerase II positions itself

A

Around the DNA molecule in the proper place

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36
Q

The RNA polymerase should be bound on the DNA so that the start site of transcription will occur at:

A

Nucleotide 1

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37
Q

The TATA box is located:

A

Left to the start site of transcription (-15 to -25 to the start site)

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38
Q

Once the RNA Polymerase II has bound there is a _____ that wraps around the DNA

A

CTD (cytoplasmic tail domain)

39
Q

A couple of ______ reactions occur on the cytoplasmic tail domain of the RNA polymerase II

A

Phosphorylation

40
Q

The phosphorylation reactions on the CTD of the RNA polymerase II leads to the

A

Disassembly of a lot of these general transcription factors

41
Q

When we have the disassembly of most of the general transcription factors caused by phosphorylation reactions on CTD this allows for _____ activity and a _____ that is ready to go

A

Helicase
RNA polymerase

42
Q

Inside the binding pocket of the RNA polymerase, what is functioning

A

Helicase

43
Q

The RNA polymerase is adding ________ to the growing transcript through the uptake channel

A

Ribonucleoside triphosphates

44
Q

On the growing mRNA transcript, the 5’ ______ is connecting to the 3’ ______

A

5’ Phosphate
3’ hydroxyl

45
Q

RNA is NOT just a _____ because it can fold back on itself and basepair

A

Linear molecule

46
Q

Key transcription factor TFIID is made of

A

TBP subunit + TAF subunit

47
Q

The TBP subunit of TFIID recognizes

A

TATA box

48
Q

The TAF subunit of TFIID recognizes other ____ sequences near the transcription start points and regulates DNA-binding by _____

A

DNA sequence
TBP

49
Q

The TFIIB recognizes the ____ element in promotors

A

BRE

50
Q

The TFIIB accurately positions _________ at the start site of transcription

A

RNA polymerase II

51
Q

What element is important for accurately positioning the RNA polymers at the transcriptional start site

A

BRE

52
Q

All of the RNA Polymerases have a preference for the types of genes that they bind

RNA polymerase I:
RNA polymerase II:
RNA polymerase III:

A

RNA polymerase I: rRNA genes
RNA polymerase II: Protein-coding genes, snoRNA genes, miRNA genes, siRNA genes and most snRNA genes
RNA polymerase III: tRNA genes

53
Q

Capping, splicing, editing, polyadenylation and transport are all

A

mRNA processing events

54
Q

The guanisine cap is added to the

A

5’ end of the mRNA

55
Q

In protein coding gene, there is an addition of a poly-A tail added to the 3’ end of the mRNA - this is called

A

Polyadenylation

56
Q

Transport of mRNA involves the movement out of the _____ and into the ____

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

57
Q

Linear coding sequence is made up of all of the _____ that have been added together

A

Exons

58
Q

In mRNA processing, the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions get:

A

Kept in the linear sequence

59
Q

Splicing occurs by a complex of RNA and protein molecules collectively known as the

A

Splicesome

60
Q

The splicesome is largely made up of _______ in a complex with _____ protein subunits to form an SNP

A

SnRNAs
7

61
Q

The snRNAs provide proper base pairing with the mRNA so that the protein complex within them is:

A

Positioned correctly

62
Q

If the mRNA is not spliced correctly, the their may be the presence of either (2)

A

Extra nucleotides that will get translated
Missing exons

63
Q

Splicing will take the ____ end of exon 1 and attach it to the ____ end of exon 2

A

3’
5’

64
Q

The splicing process initially involves the formation of a:

A

Lariat

65
Q

The formation of a lariat involves a particular _____ residue in the intron sequence that undergoes a ____ attack at the junction between an intron and exon to create a loop structure

A

Adenosine
Nucleophilic

66
Q

The loop structure created in the initial steps of the splicing mechanism ultimately is the portion that:

A

Gets spliced out

67
Q

Splicing requires very specific sequences that are at:

A

The junction of the intron and exon

68
Q

Initiates the formation of a lariat structure

A

Adenosine residue

69
Q

The sequences important for where splicing will occur are located in the

A

Introns

70
Q

An example of a highly spliced gene

A

Alpha-tropomysoin gene

71
Q

The tropomysoin gene has dozens of different splice variants that all give rise to a different tropomyosin protein that is a ______ from one form to the next, therfore it will behave slightly different

A

Isoform

72
Q

Both the 5’ cap and splicing of the primary mRNA transcript occur as:

A

The transcript starts to emerge from the RNA polymerase

73
Q

Following the addition of the 5’ cap and the splicing of the primary mRNA transcript, a _______ is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA

A

Poly-A tail

74
Q

The poly-A tail is not added until the mRNA transcript:

A

Completely emerges from the RNA polymerase

75
Q

Once the mRNA is mature, it is then exported from the nucleus through a specific export-mediated process to the _______ and then into the _______ where protein synthesis will occur

A

Cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

A very important regulator of mRNA

A

MicroRNA (miRNA)

77
Q

Changes in miRNA behavior have been linked to:

A

Disease in human

78
Q

Small non-coding RNAs about 21-25 nucleotides long

A

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

79
Q

MicroRNAs principally bind the the _____ of the target mRNA

A

3’ UTR (Untranslated region)

80
Q

When a microRNA (miRNA) binds to the 3’ UTR of the target mRNA it forms an:

A

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

81
Q

Suppress protein synthesis and/or reduce mRNA degradation

(Ultimately regulation of mRNA by miRNA)

A

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

82
Q

The enzyme that functions to clip the bulge in pre-miRNA in order to create mature miRNA

A

Dicer

83
Q

Regulation of miRNA biogenesis is an important target being looked at in:

A

The control of many diseases

84
Q

3 bases are required to code for:

A

A single amino acid

85
Q

The 3 base sequence that codes an amino acid

A

Codon

86
Q

The genetic code is ______ for all organisms (essentially the same)

A

Universal

87
Q

Important features of the genetic code (4)

A

1- “commaless”
2- degenerate
3- third base in codon is less specific than first two
4- 3 out of the 64 possible codons do not signal for amino acids but instead for termination

88
Q

How many possible codons signal the 20 amino acids

A

64

89
Q

How many codons signal for termination

A

3

90
Q

Prenatal growth retardation (mild to severe), craniofacial abnormalities such as microcephalic and cleft lip/palate and limb malformations are all potential effects of

A

Roberts syndrome

91
Q

Homozygous mutation of ESCO2 causes what disease

A

Roberts disease

92
Q

The homozygous mutation in ESCO2 encodes a ______ important for the formation of the cohesion complex that binds to chromosomes and creates cohesion between sister chromatids

A

Acetyltransferase

93
Q

If you dont make enough/transcribe enough ribosomal genes that can lead to defects in

A

Protein synthesis

94
Q

Ribosomal biogenesis is extremely important and if not properly regulated can lead to

A

Numerous problems and defects

Applied Biochemistry (18 decks)

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