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Applied Biochemistry > Innate & Adaptive Immunity (Exam III) > Flashcards

Innate & Adaptive Immunity (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

Totality of all our host defense mechanisms

A

Immune system

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2
Q

Component of immune system we are born with, genetically predetermined

A

Innate immune system

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3
Q

The nonspecific component of the immune system

A

Innate immune system

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4
Q

Elements of the innate immune system include (3)

A

1- mucous secretions
2- complement proteins
3- WBCs (specifically neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)

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5
Q

What specific WBCs are involved in the innate immune system (3)

A

1- dendritic cells
2- neutrophils
3- macrophages

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6
Q

Component of the immune system that develops a specific targeted response to an antigen or pathogen

A

Adaptive immune system

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7
Q

Components of the adaptive immune system include (2)

A

1- B cells
2- T cells

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8
Q

In addition to the B cells and T cells of the adaptive immune system there is also a small number of genetically encoded proteins called antibody genes that produce

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Antibodies are capable of recognizing and destroying specific

A

Antigens

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10
Q

What are some of the numerous tissues involved in the immune system

A

Lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, kidney, spleen, intestines

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11
Q

All of the cellular elements of our blood and immune system arise from ______ in the bone marrow

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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12
Q

What are some causes of disease in human

A

DNA viruses, RNA viruses and bacterial infections, fungal infection, Protozoa infection, worms

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13
Q

The early phase of the immune response is dependent on

A

Innate immunity

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14
Q

During the early phase of immune response, there are a variety of innate resistance mechanisms used to

A

Recognize and respond to the pathogen

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15
Q

What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?

A

Invariant receptors

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16
Q

What receptors recognize common features that are present on mostly all pathogens

A

Invariant receptors

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17
Q

Where and when is the innate immune system present

A

All individuals all of the time

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18
Q

The thing that distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system is that the innate immune system

A

Does not increase its responsiveness with increased exposure

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19
Q

The innate immune system is able to distinguish between a group of related pathogens but does not develop a specific response to

A

Individual pathogens

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20
Q

What is the adaptive immune system responding to and by what

A

Responding to the antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes

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21
Q

The adaptive immune system involves the development of what type of memory

A

Immunological

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22
Q

Adaptive immune response involve ______ of lymphocytes

A

Clonal selection

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23
Q

What is another name for adaptive immune response

A

Acquired immune response

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24
Q

Lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen

A

Immunological memory

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25
Q

In innate immunity, an immediate response occurs within

A

4-6 hours

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26
Q

The first step of innate immunity in its immediate response is categorized as

A

Infection

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27
Q

In the immediate steps of innate immunity the infection is recognized by (2)

A

1- preformed effectors
2- broadly specific effectors

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28
Q

The final step in in the immediate actions of innate immunity

A

The removal of the infectious agent

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29
Q

If the pathogen is not removed in the immediate steps of innate immunity, the response will extend to

A

Early induced innate response

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30
Q

The early induced innate response occurs between

A

4-96 hours

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31
Q

In the early induced innate response, the infection is recognized within the infection

A

Microbial-associated molecular patterns

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32
Q

In the steps of early induced innate response, once the infections microbial-associated molecular patterns have been recognized, what will occur (2)

A

Inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells

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33
Q

If the early induced innate response does not result in removal of the infectious agent the immune response will proceed on to the

A

Adaptive immune response

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34
Q

The adaptive immune response occurs after

A

96 hours

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35
Q

In the adaptive immune response phase, we have the transport of an antigen to

A

Lymphoid organs

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36
Q

In adaptive immune response phase, following the transport of the antigen to lymphoid organs, what occurs

A

Recognition by naive B and T cells

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37
Q

In the adaptive immune response phase, once the antigen has been recognized by naive B and T cells what occurs

A

Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells

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38
Q

Major cells of the innate immune system (5)

A

1- macrophages
2- granulocytes
3- mast cells
4- dendritic cells
5- natural killer cells

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39
Q

Major cells of the adaptive immune system (4)

A

1- B cells
2- T cells
3- Natural killer cells
4- plasma cells

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40
Q

What type of cell produces antibodies and secretes them at large concentrations

A

Plasma cells

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41
Q

The innate immune system includes cells from what lineage

A

Myeloid

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42
Q

In the intial phase of infection triggering an immune response, bacteria trigger

A

Macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines

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43
Q

What two things are accomplished by the release of cytokines and chemokines in an immune response

A
  1. Increase in vascular dilation
  2. Increase in vascular permeability
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44
Q

Th increase in vascular dilation in an immune response leads to

A

Redness

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45
Q

The increase of vascular permeability in an immune response leads to

A

Swelling

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46
Q

Why does the increase in vascular permeability cause swelling

A

Because you are moving fluid from blood/lymph into the tissue

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47
Q

In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation and permeability triggers ___ to transmigrate across epithelial cell layer

A

Neutrophils

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48
Q

The neutrophils that transmigrate across the epithelial cell in an immune response function to

A

Gobble up the bacteria

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49
Q

In a immune response, the macrophages dendritic cells that participate previously resided where

A

Peripheral tissue

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50
Q

If the infection is not taken care of by the neutrophils, then what is the next cell to participate

A

Immature dendritic cells

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51
Q

The immature dendritic cells called in after the neutrophils fail to control the infection, come from

A

Peripheral tissue

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52
Q

The immature dendritic cells that reside in our peripheral tissue will grab ahold and _____ the invading microorganism

A

Ingest

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53
Q

In an immune response, the immature dendritic cells migrate out of the _____ and via ____ eventually reach ____

A

Peripheral tissue
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes

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54
Q

Once the immature dendritic cells make it to the lymph nodes in an immune response, they will interact with _____ leading to ____

A

Naive T cells
Activation of T cells

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55
Q

In an immune response, once the naive T cells have been activated by mature dendritic cells in the lymph node, activation of ____ occurs

A

B cells

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56
Q

In an immune response, the activation of B cells leads to

A

Immune antibody response

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57
Q

What must infectious agent overcome in order to establish an inflection

A

Innate host defenses

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58
Q

Because of the innate host defenses, infectious disease is generally

A

Quite infrequent

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59
Q

What is forms first barrier again most most microorganisms

A

Epithelial (mucosal) surfaces

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60
Q

The epithelial (mucosal) surfaces that act as the first barrier against microorganisms have _______ if injured

A

Rapid repair mechanisms

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61
Q

What type of cells provide a physical Ariel and innate immunity

A

Mucosal epithelial cells

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62
Q

What type of cell secretes mucous that forms a dense protective covering for the entire epithelium (commonly observed in GI system)

A

Goblet cells

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63
Q

Mechanism in the GI tract that moves food and potential pathogens

A

Peristalsis

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64
Q

In the upper respiratory tract, what cells capture inhaled pathogenic particles and expel them through a beating motion

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

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65
Q

Cells that produce anti-microbial peptides, commonly found in saliva

A

Paneth cells

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66
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various (type of cell)

A

T-cells

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67
Q

GALT

A

Gut-associated lymphatic tissue

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68
Q

Describe the mucosal tissues’ exposure to microbe and frequency

A

Constantly exposed and frequently infected

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69
Q

Mucosal immunity is _____ rather than ____

A

Proactive; reactive

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70
Q

The mucosal immunity is constantly making _____ immune response against microbes

A

Adaptive

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71
Q

When we talk about mucosal immunity making adaptive immune responses what type of immunity is ultimately involved in

A

Innate immunity

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72
Q

What does the mucosal immunity generally not active

A

Inflammation

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73
Q

In the gut, inflammation would likely _____ the infection rather than clear it out

A

Exacerbate

74
Q

Mucosal immune responses do what to the tissue involved

A

Little damage

75
Q

Because the mucosal tissues are constantly active in immune response it contributes to

A

Gut epithelial cells rapid replacement/turnover

76
Q

What are the types of mucosal surfaces

A

Type I
Type II

77
Q

Mucosal surface type covered by simple epithelium

A

Type I

78
Q

Mucosal surface type that expresses a simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows dimeric IgA to access the lumen

A

Type I

79
Q

In Type I mucosal surface, the expression of pIgR allows for _____ to access ____

A

Dimeric IgA
Lumen

80
Q

Examples of where you would find Type I mucosal surface

A

Intestine
Lungs
Uterus

81
Q

Mucosal surface type covered by a stratified squamous epithelium

A

Type II

82
Q

Mucosal surface type that provides physical protective barrier activities that are important to the host

A

Type II

83
Q

Examples of where you would find Type II mucosal surface

A

Oral cavity
Vaginal cavity

84
Q

Name the following types of epithelial tissue

A

1- simple squamous epithelium
2- stratified squamous epithelium
3- simple cuboidal epithelium
4- stratified cuboidal epithelium
5- simple columnar epithelium
6- stratified columnar epithelium
7- pseudostratified columnar epithelium

85
Q
A

1- simple squamous epithelium
2- stratified squamous epithelium
3- simple cuboidal epithelium
4- stratified cuboidal epithelium
5- simple columnar epithelium
6- stratified columnar epithelium
7- psuedostratified cuboidal epithelium

86
Q

What are the modes of transmission for airway mucosal surfaces (2)

A

Inhaled droplets
Spores

87
Q

What is the mode of transmission into mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Contaminated water or food

88
Q

What is the mode of transmission of the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract

A

Physical contact

89
Q

Routes of entry for infection of the external epithelia (3)

A

1- external surface
2- wounds and abrasions
3- insect bites

90
Q

The mode of transmission into the the external surface of the external epithelia

A

Physical contact

91
Q

The mode of transmission info wounds and abrasions of the external epithelia (3)

A

1- minor skin abrasions
2- puncture wounds
3- handling infected animals

92
Q

The mode of transmission for insect bites on the external epithelial include (2)

A

1- mosquito bites
2- deer tick nites

93
Q

What can we categorize the modes of first line defense as (3)

A

1- mechanical
2- chemical
3- microbiological

94
Q

In the skin, gut, lungs, and eyes/nose what is a common mechanical defense against microbes

A

Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

95
Q

Longitudinal flow of air or fluid is a mechanical defense of

A

Skin and gut

96
Q

Movement of mucus by cilia is a mechanical defense of the

A

Lungs

97
Q

Tears and nasal cilia are a mechanical defense used by

A

Eyes and nose

98
Q

If we are talking about the cilia functioning in the immune system, what type of defense is this

A

Mechanical

99
Q

Fatty acids, low pH, Enzymes (pepsin and lysozyme) and antibacterial peptides are all forms of what type of defense

A

Chemical

100
Q

When the gut and skin display normal flora this is an example of

A

Microbiological defense

101
Q

When the dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes this signals

A

Adaptive immunity

102
Q

Specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic T cells are all component of what response

A

Adaptive immune response

103
Q

How do phagocytes deal with bacterial agents? (6)

A

1- acidification
2- toxic oxygen derived products
3- toxic nitrogen oxides
4- antimicrobial peptides
5- enzymes
6- competitors

104
Q

The acidification mechanism released by phagocytes involves a pH of ____ and is considered ______

A

3.5-4.0
Bacteriostatic/bactericidal

105
Q

Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and hypophalite are all _____ produced or released by phagocytes

A

Toxic oxygen-derived products

106
Q

The specific toxic nitrogen oxide that is produced or released by phagocytes is

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

107
Q

Antimicrobial peptides produced or released by phagocytes include

A

Defensins
Cationic proteins

108
Q

What enzyme produced or released by phagocytes dissolves the cell walls of sone gram + bacteria

A

Lysozyme

109
Q

What enzyme produced or released by phagocytes further digests bacteria

A

Acid hydrolases

110
Q

What two competitors can phagocytes produce or release

A

Lactoferrin and vitamin B12-binding protein

111
Q

What type of columnar epithelial cells layer is GI tract is made up of

A

Villus type

112
Q

Interspersed between the villus type epithelial cells making up the GI tract are ____ cells

A

Paneth cells

113
Q

The Paneth cells produce

A

Alpha and beta types of defensins

114
Q

The alpha and beta defensins produce by Paneth cells are _____ in nature

A

Antibacterial

115
Q

The gut contains ____ that secrete mucous

A

Goblet cells

116
Q

In the large intestine you have both an outer and inner

A

Mucous layer

117
Q

What are defensins (produced by Paneth cells)

A

Antimicrobial peptides

118
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine tend to reside in

Describe this layer

A

The outer mucosal layer
Looser layer

119
Q

If the antigen does get into contact with the epithelial layer of the intestine and manages to somehow get inside that will trigger the innate immune system and where this triggering event occurs is referred to as

A

Inductive site

120
Q

Where an initial immune triggering event occurs

A

Inductive site

121
Q

Important cell of the gut involved with the inductive site

A

M cell

122
Q

What is the site where antigen clearance is finished

A

Effector site

123
Q

The most important part of a lymph node

A

Germinal center

124
Q

What takes place inside the germinal center of the lymph node

A

Clonal selection and expansion

125
Q

If a B cell moves into a germinal center of a lymph node it will undergo clonal expansion what is it doing

A

Dividing a lot

126
Q

In the process of a B cell undergoing clonal expansion in a germinal center of a lymph node, what is occurring

A

Somatic hypermutation

127
Q

What expands the repertoire of potential antibodies that can recognize the antigen

A

Somatic hypermutation

128
Q

After somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal center _____ takes place

A

Selection

129
Q

After selection in the germinal center takes place you will ideally have ____ cells produced to secrete ___

A

Plasma cells
Antibody

130
Q

Selection
Somatic hypermutation
Differentiation
Class switching
Clonal expansion

If a naive B cell is to travel into the germinal center of a lymph node what order of events take place to ultimately produce plasma cells an memory B cells

A

1- clonal expansion
2- somatic hypermutation
3- selection
4- class switching
5- differentiation

131
Q

What do we ultimately want to come out of the germinal center or the lymph node

A

Memory B cells
Plasma cells

132
Q

Clonal expansion starts with a single _____ that gives rise to a large number of ____ each with a different specificity

A

Proginetior cell
Lymphocytes

133
Q

In clonal expansion, what give the lymphocytes derived from the progenitor cells different specificity

A

Receptors

134
Q

(During clonal expansion) The lymphocytes with their receptors that recognize self antigen or are that potentially self reactive get

A

Removed/destroyed

135
Q

(In clonal expansion) what removes the potentially self-reactive immature lymphocytes

A

Clonal deletion

136
Q

The lymphocytes with non-self receptors will continue on to form

A

A pool of mature but naive lymphocytes

137
Q

In clonal expansion, the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes remain in this pool until

A

A foreign antigen is presented

138
Q

In clonal expansion, when a foreign antigen is presented to the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes it will bind to a specific receptor on a particular lymphocyte resulting in

A

Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes

139
Q

During clonal expansion, the proliferation and differentiation of an activated specific lymphocyte will form a

A

Clone of effector cells

140
Q

In clonal expansion what ultimately eliminates the antigen

A

Effector cells

141
Q

For each pathogen we encounter we will develop

A

Specific antibodies to that pathogen

142
Q

Structure of antibody:

A

Two light chains
One heavy chain

143
Q

In an antibody what connects the light and heavy chains

A

Cysteine bridges

144
Q

What region is found in the heavy chain of an antibody

A

Constant region

145
Q

What region is found in the light chain of antibodies

A

Variable region

146
Q

The variable region in antibodies is the

A

Antigen binding site

147
Q

The constant region has what function

A

Effector function

148
Q

The effector function of the constant region on an antibody utilizes mechanism that are

A

Constant to all antibodies

149
Q

What is the name of an activated B cell

A

Plasma cell

150
Q

What type of cell secretes antibodies

A

Activated B cell (plasma cell)

151
Q

In addition to antibodies, T cell receptors have both

A

Variable and constant regions

152
Q

The diversity of antibodies is done through a process called

A

Somatic gene-segment rearrangements

153
Q

The light chain of antibodies contain what two components

A

Variable region
Joining segment

154
Q

What are the gene clusters on light chains of antibodies

A

Kappa (Cs2)
Lambda (Cs22)

155
Q

How many heavy genes are there on antibodies and what chromosome are they located on

A

5
Cs14

156
Q

How many total different light chains on antibodies

A

290

157
Q

How many heavy chain variable regions

A

13,800

158
Q

How many total binding specificities of antibodies

A

4,002,000

159
Q

In addition to the numerous total binding specificities antibodies can also display ____ changes between the different gene segments to increase the specificity of the variable regions

A

Single nucleotide changes

160
Q

Antibodies recognize

A

Surface epitopes

161
Q

Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind

A

Epitopes

162
Q

T cells receptors recognize

A

Buried epitopes

163
Q

In order for a T cell receptor to recognize buried epitopes, the antigen must first be

A

Broken down into peptide fragments

164
Q

When the antigen containing the buried epitope is broken down into peptide fragments, the epitope peptide binds to a self molecules called

A

MHC molecule

165
Q

When T cell binds to a buried epitope it is ultimately binding to

A

A complex of MHC molecule and epitope + epitope peptide

166
Q

What molecule presents the previously buried epitope peptide on its surface to be further bound by a T cell receptor

A

MHC molecule

167
Q

What are the three ways antibodies participate in host defense

A
  1. Cells with nonspecific receptors recognize toxin
  2. Bacteria in Extracellular spaces picked up by macrophages
  3. Bacteria in plasma
168
Q

The nonspecific receptors of cells that pick up bacterial toxins function the process of ________ by nonspecific antibodies

A

Neutralization

169
Q

If the bacteria exists in the extracellular space and is picked up by the macrophage what process will occur

A

Opsonization

170
Q

If bacteria gets into the bloodstrea/plasma then what processes will occur

A

Complement activation and clearance

171
Q

Neutralization, opsonization and complement activation all ultimately result in

A

Ingestion of the bacteria

172
Q

Large locus of DNA that encodes genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune response

A

MHC molecules

173
Q

What type of response are MHC molecules essential for

A

Adaptive immune response

174
Q

Class of MHC molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infections and display those peptides on the cell surface

A

MHC I

175
Q

Class of molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on cell surface

A

MHC II

176
Q

What MHC class has a single transmembrane-spanning domain

A

MHC I

177
Q

What class of MHC molecules have two membrane-spanning domains

A

MHC II

178
Q

Where do both the MHC I and II molecules display peptide

A

On their surface

179
Q

cytotoxic T cells recognize complex of viral peptide with ______ and kills infected cell

A

MHC I

180
Q

Viral infections deal with what MHC class, while anything else deals with what MHC class

A

Viral- MHC I
Anything else- MHC II

181
Q

MHC I engages what type of cell
MHC II engages what type of cells

A

MHC I - cytotoxic T cell
MHC II - helper T cells

182
Q

What are our antigen-presenting cells

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

Applied Biochemistry (18 decks)

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