Development (Exam IV) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four important concepts of embryonic development
A
1- Universal mechanisms of animal development
2- proteins can be substituted across species
3- inductive signaling
4- regional determination
2
Q
Once the cell mass has started to form a particular tissue & is committed to forming that tissue
A
Regional determination
3
Q
The classes of signaling proteins that are used over and over again as inducers of animal development
A
1- receptor tyrosine kinase
2- TGF-beta superfamily
3- WNT
4- hedgehog
5- notch
4
Q
EFG and FGF & Ephrins are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway
A
Receptor tyrosine kinase
5
Q
TGFB, BMP, Nodal are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway
A
TFG-beta superfamily
6
Q
Delta ligand family is involved in what signaling pathway
A
Notch
7
Q
Typically RTK pathways bind to their:
A
Own family of receptors
8
Q
The largest family that includes bone morphogen of proteins
A
TGF-beta superfamily
9
Q
RTK, TGF-beta superfamily, WNT, hedgehog & notch are all pathways found in all animals are are all important in different:
A
Developmental paradigms
10
Q
If you are in the process of tooth development:
It starts off with a _____ & ______
A
Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers
11
Q
If you are in the process of tooth development:
Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers eventually form:
A
Dental placode
12
Q
In tooth morphogenesis from one stage to the next different _____ are activated
A
Signaling pathways
13
Q
In tooth morphogenesis, the signaling pathways that are activated in the ______ trigger signaling pathways in the ______
A
Ectoderm; mesenchyme
14
Q
The concept of proteins being substituted across different species has two important principles that include:
A
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating cell interactions and gene regulation
- Regulatory DNA define the development program
15
Q
Every nucleated cell in our body has a record of the:
A
Developmental program
16
Q
Due to every cell in our body having a record of the developmental program- this means that virtually any cell in our body could:
A
Give rise to an entire organism under the right conditions
17
Q
Inductive signaling includes:
A
1- cell to cell
2- cell signaling cascades
3- signaling over great distances
4- a starting point
18
Q
_____ & _____ signaling function in inductive signaling
A
Autocrine & paracrine
19
Q
Signals that act over great distances
A
Morphogenes
20
Q
Morphogenes ______ out from the cell that they started at an the and then _______ the cells that they come into contact with
A
Diffuse; alter
21
Q
In terms of inductive signaling, there is always a:
A
Starting point
22
Q
The starting point in inductive signaling can be either:
A
Single cell or cluster of cells producing an inductive signal
23
Q
With inductive signaling what cells will see the highest concentration of morphogen
A
The cells closest to the source
24
Q
The cells farther away from the source releasing the morphogen will:
A
Receive a lower concentration of the morphogen
25
The resulting phenotype or differentiated state that the cell achieves is a result of:
The numerous inductive signals acting on it
26
As the inductive signal is produced, the cells immediately surrounding that source begin to develop in:
A new developmental pathway
27
This is an example of:
Sequental signaling
28
Sequential signaling can result in a build up of:
Very complex multicellular layers
29
Sequential induction can be described as what type of process:
Back & forth
30
When cells are committed to forming a certain structure or layer this is considered:
Regional determination
31
If you have a group of differentiated cells that are committed to creating thoracic vertebra, and you take these cells out and put them in the cervical region of a different organism what would be the end result:
Thoracic vertebra in the cervical region
32
Four essential processes by which an embryo is constructed:
1- cell proliferation
2- cell specialization
3- cell interaction
4- cell movement
33
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell proliferation- cells are increasing in number
34
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell specialization- one cell changes into something more specific
35
Through inductive signaling processes & the reciprocal induction processes one cell changes into something that is going to be a different tissue or cell type this process is called:
Cell specialization & differentiation
36
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell interaction- as cells divide they have different interactions with eachother dependent on cell type
37
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell movement- as gastrulation takes place the cells begin to migrate to ultimately determine location in final structures
38
The developmental processes in embryo formation are being repeated over an over again throughout the animal kingdom, however what factor varies
The speed at which it takes place
39
Depending on the species, the ____ & ____ of the offspring varies
Size & number
40
Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layer & groups of cell masses through what is known as:
Gastrulation
41
Process by which genetic material is used to drive cellular functions:
Gene expression
42
Process through which a cell or group of cells secretes factors that influence neighboring cells
Inductive signaling
43
Once embryonic tissues reach a certain stage of development they are committed to form their adult structures independent of:
Their environment
44
Process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the three key germ cell layers needed to generate all the tissues/organs in the body
Gastrulation
45
During the process of gastrulation the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes:
Three key germ cell layers
46
Embryonic cell populations that are formed between the developing neural tube & the epidermis. These cells migrate at very restricted pathways to give rise to many of the craniofacial structures
Neural crest cells
47
Describe the path that neural migrate along
Very restricted
48
Neural crest cells are embryonic cell populations that are formed between _____ & ______
Developing neural tube & epidermis
49
Neural crest cells give rise to many of the:
Craniofacial structures
50
Specialized genes that contain a homeodomain motif that carry a permanent record of positional information used to specify patterning
Hox genes
51
Homeodomain motif
Homeobox
52
Genetic program that are precisely coordinated to create complex tissues and organs relies on:
Patterning
53
The three dimensions that patterning must occur in:
1- anterior-posterior
2- dorsal-ventral
3- proximal-distal
54
In the process of patterning:
Anterior posterior dimension refers to:
Top to bottom
55
In the process of patterning:
Dorsal-ventral dimension refers to:
Left to right
56
In the process of patterning:
Proximal-distal refers to:
Front to back
57
Because all organisms are 3D patterning must occur:
Three-dimensionally
58
The stage of embryonic development in which cells begin to form specific & specialized structures
Differentiation
59
The stage of embryonic development where cell divisions form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell
Growth
60
During cell growth (during embryonic development) the cell divisions that form more cells must have identical functions to the:
Parental cell
61
In every species & at every level of organization, complex structures are made by:
Repeating a few basic themes with variations
62
If gastrulation fails to happen then:
The embryo is not compatible with life
63
In humans around day 15 of embryonic development what is occuring:
Bilaminar disc is formed and invagination starts to take place
64
The invagination of the bilaminar disc during embryonic development defines (3):
Left side from right side
Head from tail
Front from back
65
Up at the head end of the neural tube, a pit forms- this pit is called:
Hensen’s node
66
The Henson’s node will result in the formation of:
Primitive streak
67
As the primitive streak begins to form cells from this layer begin to:
Migrate
68
The cells migrating from the primitive streak will migrate into the interior & some of these cells will replace the ____ & form the ____
Hypoblast (bottom layer); endoderm
69
The bottoms layer of cells that get replaced with cells that are going to form the endoderm:
Hypoblast
70
The inner mass of the bilaminar disc, will fill up with migrating cells and this will form the:
Mesoderm
71
Once the mesoderm area is filled up with migrating cells, the remainder of these cells will form the:
Ectoderm
72
Ultimately the process of gastrulation forms what three cell layers:
Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
73
All tissues in the body form from either:
The ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm
74
Cells that can self renew and give rise to multiple different cell types
Stem cells
75
Some neural crest cells exhibit:
Stemness
76
The restricted pathways that the neural cells migrate along are formed due to:
Specific morphogen growth factors
77
The invagination that forms on the neural plate border will ultimately give rise to:
The neural tube
78
The specific regions that neural crest cells migrate from in terms of craniofacial structures
Rhombomeres
79
If you do not have the correct number or location of neural crest cells migrating out from a specific rhombomere, the associated structure will:
Not develop correctly
80
Craniofacial structures develop as a result of:
Restricted movement of the neural crest cells from the rhombomeres
81
Layer between the ectoderm and endoderm
Mesoderm
82
Once we have formed the neural tube & other internal structures, the mesoderm layer will start getting:
Signals
83
Somites form from the:
Para-axial mesoderm
84
The somites formed from the para-axial mesoderm will start getting signals from:
Neural tube & notocord
85
The signals received from the neural tube & notocord by the somites will tell the somites to:
Change the way that they differentiate
86
After receiving signals from the neural tube and mesoderm, the somites will differentiate into the:
Dermomytome & sclerotome layers
87
What signals do the somites get that ultimately makes them differentiate into the dermomyotome & sclerotome:
1- ventralizng signals
2- dorsalizing signals
3- lateralizing signals
88
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
The segmental plate mesoderm will give rise to:
Epithelial somites
89
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
The epithelial somites will give rise to:
The dermamyotome & sclerotome
90
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
The dermamyotome gives rise to:
Dermatome & myotome
91
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
Dermatomes give rise to:
Dermis
92
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
Myotomes give rise to:
Epaxial skeletal muscle
Hypaxial skeletal muscle
93
In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:
The sclerotomes give rise to:
Rib
Vertebrae
Base of skull
Some facial muscles
94
What drive the developmental process & how do we know what genes need to be turned on:
Developmental program embedded in the DNA
95
Ultimate type of gene control responsible for embryological development:
Hierarchical gene control
96
The first initial genes to be turned on:
Coordinate gene
97
Coordinate genes turn on:
Gap genes
98
Genes that can regulate themselves and other members of their family as well as turning on things like homeotic selector genes & the pair-rule genes
Gap genes
99
Most important gene in the hierarchy of gene control
Homeotic genes
100
Replacement of one body part with another
Homeosis
101
Genes responsible for establishing the fate of different segments
Homeotic genes
102
All of the products of homeotic gens are responsible for:
Regulating other genes
103
The homeotic genes all contain a highly conserved:
DNA binding homeodomain
104
The highly conserved DNA binding homeodomain of the homeotic genes is a:
A 60 amino acid sequence
105
Because the homeodomain is 60 amino acids long, it give rise to:
180 base pairs of DNA
106
The most critical in terms of regulating, patterning and developing different structures:
Hox genes
107
The corresponding segment in the 180 bp DNA sequence is called:
A homeobox
108
Hox genes are interspersed throughout the entire genome but tend to be organized into:
Clusters
109
HOX genes are interspersed among large stretches of:
Regulatory DNA regions
110
Hox genes are expressed ____ according to their order in the Hox complex
Sequentially
111
The Hox complex carries a permanent record of:
Positional information
112
There are hundreds of other homeobox genes in the genome, but what makes the Hox genes unique is that:
They are clustered into complexes (not scattered)
113
The Hox genes must be expressed in what type of pattern:
Temporal & spatial
114
Cleft lip & cleft palate is a genetic defect that occurs early in:
Fetal development
115
In humans, the lip forms between:
In humans, the palate forms between:
4th & 7th week of pregnancy
6th & 9th week of pregnancy
116
Formation of the craniofacial structures in early development requires the proper:
Migration & number of neural crest cells & differentiation
117
Diagnose each type of cleft lip
1- unilateral incomplete
2- unilateral complete
3- bilateral complete
118
Diagnose the cleft palate
1- incomplete cleft palate
2- unilateral complete lip & palate
3- bilateral complete lip & palate
119
Dolly the sheep was created by the process of an unfertilized egg that had its _____ & _____ removed
Mitotic spindle & associated chromosomes
120
In dolly the sheep, _____ from an oviduct were merged into the unfertilized enucleate egg
Epithelial cells
121
The complexity of an animal is a function of the:
Gene expression control systems that drives development
122
Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins that mediate (2)
1- Cell-cell interactions
2- Control gene expression
123
Cells in the adult organism retains a record of _______ which is necessary for them to maintain their specialized characteristics
Signal is they received in early embryonic development
