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Applied Biochemistry > Development (Exam IV) > Flashcards

Development (Exam IV) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four important concepts of embryonic development

A

1- Universal mechanisms of animal development
2- proteins can be substituted across species
3- inductive signaling
4- regional determination

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2
Q

Once the cell mass has started to form a particular tissue & is committed to forming that tissue

A

Regional determination

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3
Q

The classes of signaling proteins that are used over and over again as inducers of animal development

A

1- receptor tyrosine kinase
2- TGF-beta superfamily
3- WNT
4- hedgehog
5- notch

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4
Q

EFG and FGF & Ephrins are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

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5
Q

TGFB, BMP, Nodal are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway

A

TFG-beta superfamily

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6
Q

Delta ligand family is involved in what signaling pathway

A

Notch

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7
Q

Typically RTK pathways bind to their:

A

Own family of receptors

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8
Q

The largest family that includes bone morphogen of proteins

A

TGF-beta superfamily

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9
Q

RTK, TGF-beta superfamily, WNT, hedgehog & notch are all pathways found in all animals are are all important in different:

A

Developmental paradigms

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10
Q

If you are in the process of tooth development:

It starts off with a _____ & ______

A

Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers

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11
Q

If you are in the process of tooth development:

Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers eventually form:

A

Dental placode

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12
Q

In tooth morphogenesis from one stage to the next different _____ are activated

A

Signaling pathways

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13
Q

In tooth morphogenesis, the signaling pathways that are activated in the ______ trigger signaling pathways in the ______

A

Ectoderm; mesenchyme

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14
Q

The concept of proteins being substituted across different species has two important principles that include:

A
  1. Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating cell interactions and gene regulation
  2. Regulatory DNA define the development program
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15
Q

Every nucleated cell in our body has a record of the:

A

Developmental program

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16
Q

Due to every cell in our body having a record of the developmental program- this means that virtually any cell in our body could:

A

Give rise to an entire organism under the right conditions

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17
Q

Inductive signaling includes:

A

1- cell to cell
2- cell signaling cascades
3- signaling over great distances
4- a starting point

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18
Q

_____ & _____ signaling function in inductive signaling

A

Autocrine & paracrine

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19
Q

Signals that act over great distances

A

Morphogenes

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20
Q

Morphogenes ______ out from the cell that they started at an the and then _______ the cells that they come into contact with

A

Diffuse; alter

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21
Q

In terms of inductive signaling, there is always a:

A

Starting point

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22
Q

The starting point in inductive signaling can be either:

A

Single cell or cluster of cells producing an inductive signal

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23
Q

With inductive signaling what cells will see the highest concentration of morphogen

A

The cells closest to the source

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24
Q

The cells farther away from the source releasing the morphogen will:

A

Receive a lower concentration of the morphogen

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25
Q

The resulting phenotype or differentiated state that the cell achieves is a result of:

A

The numerous inductive signals acting on it

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26
Q

As the inductive signal is produced, the cells immediately surrounding that source begin to develop in:

A

A new developmental pathway

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27
Q

This is an example of:

A

Sequental signaling

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28
Q

Sequential signaling can result in a build up of:

A

Very complex multicellular layers

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29
Q

Sequential induction can be described as what type of process:

A

Back & forth

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30
Q

When cells are committed to forming a certain structure or layer this is considered:

A

Regional determination

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31
Q

If you have a group of differentiated cells that are committed to creating thoracic vertebra, and you take these cells out and put them in the cervical region of a different organism what would be the end result:

A

Thoracic vertebra in the cervical region

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32
Q

Four essential processes by which an embryo is constructed:

A

1- cell proliferation
2- cell specialization
3- cell interaction
4- cell movement

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33
Q

What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring

A

Cell proliferation- cells are increasing in number

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34
Q

What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring

A

Cell specialization- one cell changes into something more specific

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35
Q

Through inductive signaling processes & the reciprocal induction processes one cell changes into something that is going to be a different tissue or cell type this process is called:

A

Cell specialization & differentiation

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36
Q

What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring

A

Cell interaction- as cells divide they have different interactions with eachother dependent on cell type

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37
Q

What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring

A

Cell movement- as gastrulation takes place the cells begin to migrate to ultimately determine location in final structures

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38
Q

The developmental processes in embryo formation are being repeated over an over again throughout the animal kingdom, however what factor varies

A

The speed at which it takes place

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39
Q

Depending on the species, the ____ & ____ of the offspring varies

A

Size & number

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40
Q

Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layer & groups of cell masses through what is known as:

A

Gastrulation

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41
Q

Process by which genetic material is used to drive cellular functions:

A

Gene expression

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42
Q

Process through which a cell or group of cells secretes factors that influence neighboring cells

A

Inductive signaling

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43
Q

Once embryonic tissues reach a certain stage of development they are committed to form their adult structures independent of:

A

Their environment

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44
Q

Process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the three key germ cell layers needed to generate all the tissues/organs in the body

A

Gastrulation

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45
Q

During the process of gastrulation the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes:

A

Three key germ cell layers

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46
Q

Embryonic cell populations that are formed between the developing neural tube & the epidermis. These cells migrate at very restricted pathways to give rise to many of the craniofacial structures

A

Neural crest cells

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47
Q

Describe the path that neural migrate along

A

Very restricted

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48
Q

Neural crest cells are embryonic cell populations that are formed between _____ & ______

A

Developing neural tube & epidermis

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49
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to many of the:

A

Craniofacial structures

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50
Q

Specialized genes that contain a homeodomain motif that carry a permanent record of positional information used to specify patterning

A

Hox genes

51
Q

Homeodomain motif

A

Homeobox

52
Q

Genetic program that are precisely coordinated to create complex tissues and organs relies on:

A

Patterning

53
Q

The three dimensions that patterning must occur in:

A

1- anterior-posterior
2- dorsal-ventral
3- proximal-distal

54
Q

In the process of patterning:

Anterior posterior dimension refers to:

A

Top to bottom

55
Q

In the process of patterning:

Dorsal-ventral dimension refers to:

A

Left to right

56
Q

In the process of patterning:

Proximal-distal refers to:

A

Front to back

57
Q

Because all organisms are 3D patterning must occur:

A

Three-dimensionally

58
Q

The stage of embryonic development in which cells begin to form specific & specialized structures

A

Differentiation

59
Q

The stage of embryonic development where cell divisions form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell

A

Growth

60
Q

During cell growth (during embryonic development) the cell divisions that form more cells must have identical functions to the:

A

Parental cell

61
Q

In every species & at every level of organization, complex structures are made by:

A

Repeating a few basic themes with variations

62
Q

If gastrulation fails to happen then:

A

The embryo is not compatible with life

63
Q

In humans around day 15 of embryonic development what is occuring:

A

Bilaminar disc is formed and invagination starts to take place

64
Q

The invagination of the bilaminar disc during embryonic development defines (3):

A

Left side from right side
Head from tail
Front from back

65
Q

Up at the head end of the neural tube, a pit forms- this pit is called:

A

Hensen’s node

66
Q

The Henson’s node will result in the formation of:

A

Primitive streak

67
Q

As the primitive streak begins to form cells from this layer begin to:

A

Migrate

68
Q

The cells migrating from the primitive streak will migrate into the interior & some of these cells will replace the ____ & form the ____

A

Hypoblast (bottom layer); endoderm

69
Q

The bottoms layer of cells that get replaced with cells that are going to form the endoderm:

A

Hypoblast

70
Q

The inner mass of the bilaminar disc, will fill up with migrating cells and this will form the:

A

Mesoderm

71
Q

Once the mesoderm area is filled up with migrating cells, the remainder of these cells will form the:

A

Ectoderm

72
Q

Ultimately the process of gastrulation forms what three cell layers:

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

73
Q

All tissues in the body form from either:

A

The ectoderm, endoderm or mesoderm

74
Q

Cells that can self renew and give rise to multiple different cell types

A

Stem cells

75
Q

Some neural crest cells exhibit:

A

Stemness

76
Q

The restricted pathways that the neural cells migrate along are formed due to:

A

Specific morphogen growth factors

77
Q

The invagination that forms on the neural plate border will ultimately give rise to:

A

The neural tube

78
Q

The specific regions that neural crest cells migrate from in terms of craniofacial structures

A

Rhombomeres

79
Q

If you do not have the correct number or location of neural crest cells migrating out from a specific rhombomere, the associated structure will:

A

Not develop correctly

80
Q

Craniofacial structures develop as a result of:

A

Restricted movement of the neural crest cells from the rhombomeres

81
Q

Layer between the ectoderm and endoderm

A

Mesoderm

82
Q

Once we have formed the neural tube & other internal structures, the mesoderm layer will start getting:

A

Signals

83
Q

Somites form from the:

A

Para-axial mesoderm

84
Q

The somites formed from the para-axial mesoderm will start getting signals from:

A

Neural tube & notocord

85
Q

The signals received from the neural tube & notocord by the somites will tell the somites to:

A

Change the way that they differentiate

86
Q

After receiving signals from the neural tube and mesoderm, the somites will differentiate into the:

A

Dermomytome & sclerotome layers

87
Q

What signals do the somites get that ultimately makes them differentiate into the dermomyotome & sclerotome:

A

1- ventralizng signals
2- dorsalizing signals
3- lateralizing signals

88
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

The segmental plate mesoderm will give rise to:

A

Epithelial somites

89
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

The epithelial somites will give rise to:

A

The dermamyotome & sclerotome

90
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

The dermamyotome gives rise to:

A

Dermatome & myotome

91
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

Dermatomes give rise to:

A

Dermis

92
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

Myotomes give rise to:

A

Epaxial skeletal muscle
Hypaxial skeletal muscle

93
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development & differentiation:

The sclerotomes give rise to:

A

Rib
Vertebrae
Base of skull
Some facial muscles

94
Q

What drive the developmental process & how do we know what genes need to be turned on:

A

Developmental program embedded in the DNA

95
Q

Ultimate type of gene control responsible for embryological development:

A

Hierarchical gene control

96
Q

The first initial genes to be turned on:

A

Coordinate gene

97
Q

Coordinate genes turn on:

A

Gap genes

98
Q

Genes that can regulate themselves and other members of their family as well as turning on things like homeotic selector genes & the pair-rule genes

A

Gap genes

99
Q

Most important gene in the hierarchy of gene control

A

Homeotic genes

100
Q

Replacement of one body part with another

A

Homeosis

101
Q

Genes responsible for establishing the fate of different segments

A

Homeotic genes

102
Q

All of the products of homeotic gens are responsible for:

A

Regulating other genes

103
Q

The homeotic genes all contain a highly conserved:

A

DNA binding homeodomain

104
Q

The highly conserved DNA binding homeodomain of the homeotic genes is a:

A

A 60 amino acid sequence

105
Q

Because the homeodomain is 60 amino acids long, it give rise to:

A

180 base pairs of DNA

106
Q

The most critical in terms of regulating, patterning and developing different structures:

A

Hox genes

107
Q

The corresponding segment in the 180 bp DNA sequence is called:

A

A homeobox

108
Q

Hox genes are interspersed throughout the entire genome but tend to be organized into:

A

Clusters

109
Q

HOX genes are interspersed among large stretches of:

A

Regulatory DNA regions

110
Q

Hox genes are expressed ____ according to their order in the Hox complex

A

Sequentially

111
Q

The Hox complex carries a permanent record of:

A

Positional information

112
Q

There are hundreds of other homeobox genes in the genome, but what makes the Hox genes unique is that:

A

They are clustered into complexes (not scattered)

113
Q

The Hox genes must be expressed in what type of pattern:

A

Temporal & spatial

114
Q

Cleft lip & cleft palate is a genetic defect that occurs early in:

A

Fetal development

115
Q

In humans, the lip forms between:

In humans, the palate forms between:

A

4th & 7th week of pregnancy

6th & 9th week of pregnancy

116
Q

Formation of the craniofacial structures in early development requires the proper:

A

Migration & number of neural crest cells & differentiation

117
Q

Diagnose each type of cleft lip

A

1- unilateral incomplete
2- unilateral complete
3- bilateral complete

118
Q

Diagnose the cleft palate

A

1- incomplete cleft palate
2- unilateral complete lip & palate
3- bilateral complete lip & palate

119
Q

Dolly the sheep was created by the process of an unfertilized egg that had its _____ & _____ removed

A

Mitotic spindle & associated chromosomes

120
Q

In dolly the sheep, _____ from an oviduct were merged into the unfertilized enucleate egg

A

Epithelial cells

121
Q

The complexity of an animal is a function of the:

A

Gene expression control systems that drives development

122
Q

Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins that mediate (2)

A

1- Cell-cell interactions

2- Control gene expression

123
Q

Cells in the adult organism retains a record of _______ which is necessary for them to maintain their specialized characteristics

A

Signal is they received in early embryonic development

Applied Biochemistry (18 decks)

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