Development (Exam IV) Flashcards
What are the four important concepts of embryonic development
1- Universal mechanisms of animal development
2- proteins can be substituted across species
3- inductive signaling
4- regional determination
Once the cell mass has started to form a particular tissue & is committed to forming that tissue
Regional determination
The classes of signaling proteins that are used over and over again as inducers of animal development
1- receptor tyrosine kinase
2- TGF-beta superfamily
3- WNT
4- hedgehog
5- notch
EFG and FGF & Ephrins are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway
Receptor tyrosine kinase
TGFB, BMP, Nodal are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway
TFG-beta superfamily
Delta ligand family is involved in what signaling pathway
Notch
Typically RTK pathways bind to their:
Own family of receptors
The largest family that includes bone morphogen of proteins
TGF-beta superfamily
RTK, TGF-beta superfamily, WNT, hedgehog & notch are all pathways found in all animals are are all important in different:
Developmental paradigms
If you are in the process of tooth development:
It starts off with a _____ & ______
Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers
If you are in the process of tooth development:
Ectoderm & mesenchyme layers eventually form:
Dental placode
In tooth morphogenesis from one stage to the next different _____ are activated
Signaling pathways
In tooth morphogenesis, the signaling pathways that are activated in the ______ trigger signaling pathways in the ______
Ectoderm; mesenchyme
The concept of proteins being substituted across different species has two important principles that include:
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating cell interactions and gene regulation
- Regulatory DNA define the development program
Every nucleated cell in our body has a record of the:
Developmental program
Due to every cell in our body having a record of the developmental program- this means that virtually any cell in our body could:
Give rise to an entire organism under the right conditions
Inductive signaling includes:
1- cell to cell
2- cell signaling cascades
3- signaling over great distances
4- a starting point
_____ & _____ signaling function in inductive signaling
Autocrine & paracrine
Signals that act over great distances
Morphogenes
Morphogenes ______ out from the cell that they started at an the and then _______ the cells that they come into contact with
Diffuse; alter
In terms of inductive signaling, there is always a:
Starting point
The starting point in inductive signaling can be either:
Single cell or cluster of cells producing an inductive signal
With inductive signaling what cells will see the highest concentration of morphogen
The cells closest to the source
The cells farther away from the source releasing the morphogen will:
Receive a lower concentration of the morphogen
The resulting phenotype or differentiated state that the cell achieves is a result of:
The numerous inductive signals acting on it
As the inductive signal is produced, the cells immediately surrounding that source begin to develop in:
A new developmental pathway
This is an example of:
Sequental signaling
Sequential signaling can result in a build up of:
Very complex multicellular layers
Sequential induction can be described as what type of process:
Back & forth
When cells are committed to forming a certain structure or layer this is considered:
Regional determination
If you have a group of differentiated cells that are committed to creating thoracic vertebra, and you take these cells out and put them in the cervical region of a different organism what would be the end result:
Thoracic vertebra in the cervical region
Four essential processes by which an embryo is constructed:
1- cell proliferation
2- cell specialization
3- cell interaction
4- cell movement
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell proliferation- cells are increasing in number
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell specialization- one cell changes into something more specific
Through inductive signaling processes & the reciprocal induction processes one cell changes into something that is going to be a different tissue or cell type this process is called:
Cell specialization & differentiation
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell interaction- as cells divide they have different interactions with eachother dependent on cell type
What essential process of embryo formation is this, & what is occuring
Cell movement- as gastrulation takes place the cells begin to migrate to ultimately determine location in final structures
The developmental processes in embryo formation are being repeated over an over again throughout the animal kingdom, however what factor varies
The speed at which it takes place
Depending on the species, the ____ & ____ of the offspring varies
Size & number
Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layer & groups of cell masses through what is known as:
Gastrulation
Process by which genetic material is used to drive cellular functions:
Gene expression
Process through which a cell or group of cells secretes factors that influence neighboring cells
Inductive signaling
Once embryonic tissues reach a certain stage of development they are committed to form their adult structures independent of:
Their environment
Process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the three key germ cell layers needed to generate all the tissues/organs in the body
Gastrulation
During the process of gastrulation the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes:
Three key germ cell layers
Embryonic cell populations that are formed between the developing neural tube & the epidermis. These cells migrate at very restricted pathways to give rise to many of the craniofacial structures
Neural crest cells
Describe the path that neural migrate along
Very restricted
Neural crest cells are embryonic cell populations that are formed between _____ & ______
Developing neural tube & epidermis
Neural crest cells give rise to many of the:
Craniofacial structures