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Applied Biochemistry > Cell Adhesion (Exam III) > Flashcards

Cell Adhesion (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

What are tight junctions are categorized as

A

Occluding junctions

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2
Q

Seals gaps between epithelial cells

A

Tight junctions

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3
Q

Restricts the flow of substances between cells and forces them to go through the cell

A
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4
Q

What type of junctions are cell-cell anchoring junctions

A

Adherens
Desmosomes

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5
Q

Connect the actin filament bundles inside of one cell to the next

A

Aderens

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6
Q

Connects intermediate filaments in one cell to those in the next cell

A

Desmosome

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7
Q

A gap junction is categorized as what type of junction

A

Channel-forming junction

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8
Q

Allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules from cell to cell

A

Gap junctions

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9
Q

What are our types of cell matrix anchoring junctions

A
  1. Actin-linked cell matrix adhesion anchors
  2. Hemidesmosomes
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10
Q

Connects/anchors actin filaments inside the cell to the extracellular matrix

A

Actin-linked cell matrix adhesion anchor

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11
Q

Anchors intermediate filaments inside the cell to the extracellular matrix

A

Hemidesmosome

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12
Q

What are the aderens junctions transmembrane adhesion protein

A

Cadherins

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13
Q

What are the desmosomes transmembrane adhesion proteins

A

Cadherins

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14
Q

Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion anchors use what type of transmembrane protein

A

Integrin

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15
Q

Hemidesmosomes use what type of transmembrane adhesion protein?

A

Integrin and collagen

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16
Q

We have junctions that connect _____ to _____ and also junctions that connect _____ to ______

A

Cells to cells
Cells to ECM basement membrane

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17
Q

What cellular junctions involve the ECM?

A
  1. Actin-linked cell matrix adhesion anchors
  2. Hemidesmosomes
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18
Q

What cell junctions involve cell-cell connections?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap junctions
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19
Q

How many general principles of cell adhesion

A

6

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20
Q

Principle 1: How do cells define there capacity for adhesion?

A

By selectively expressing certain plasma membrane receptors

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21
Q

When cells define their capacity for adhesion, they selectively express certain plasma membrane receptors, what are these receptors?

A

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

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22
Q

CAMs generally have:

A

Limited ligand-binding activity

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23
Q

Generally cells expressing the proper mix of receptors is part of a genetic program for the:

A

Differentiation of the cell

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24
Q

The 2nd principle: Many adhesion proteins bind ____ and many ligands bind _____

A

One main ligand; a single type of receptor

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25
Q

In accordance to the one-to-one rule for adhesion proteins binding one main ligand, or ligands binding a single receptor, there are many:

A

Exceptions to this rule

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26
Q

What is an example of an exception to the one-to-one binding rule of the second principle of adhesion?

A

Integrin family of receptors

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27
Q

The integrin family of receptors generally bind:

A

More than one ligand

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28
Q

Some ligands such as fibronectin bind

A

More than one integrin

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29
Q

Family of cellular adhesion molecules that prefer to bind themselves (they promote the adhesion of like cells)

A

Cadherins

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30
Q

When a cell adhesion molecules binds itself promoting the adhesion of like cells is an example of what type of interaction

A

Homophilic

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31
Q

Association of like receptors on two cells

A

Homophilic interaction

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32
Q

Cadherins require

A

Calcium

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33
Q

What do selectins bind?

A

Anionic polysaccharides

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34
Q

Selectins generally bring:

A

Two different cell types together

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35
Q

What would bind an anionic polysaccharide like those on mucins?

A

Selectin

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36
Q

What do most Ig-CAMs bind?

A

Other cell surface adhesion proteins

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37
Q

Association of unlike receptors on two cells

A

Heterophilic interaction

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38
Q

Ig-CAMs display what type of binding interactions?

A

Heterophilic interactions

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39
Q

Cadherins are associated with _____ interactions, while Ig-CAMs are associated with ____ interactions

A

Homophilic; Heterophilic

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40
Q

What type of cellular adhesion molecules bind a variety of ligands and ECM molecules

A

Integrins

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41
Q

Examples of a ECM molecule that integrin may bind

A

Fibronectin, laminin

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42
Q

A soluble protein that integrin may bind

A

Fibrinogen

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43
Q

Soluble protein that circulates in the blood and functions in the clotting pathway

A

Fibrinogen

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44
Q

Transmembrane protein associated with adherens junctions

A

Classical cadherin

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45
Q

Extracellular ligand adherens junctions bind to

A

Cadherin in the neighboring cell

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46
Q

Intracellular cytoskeletal attachment involved in adherens junctions

A

Actin filaments

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47
Q

Adherens junctions and desmosomes are both

A

Cell-cell junctions

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48
Q

Transmembrane adhesion proteins associated with desmosomes

A

Cadherin (desmoglein, desmocollin)

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49
Q

Extracellular ligand associated with desmosomes

A

Desmoglein and desmocollin in neighboring cell

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50
Q

Intracellular cytoskeletal attachment of desmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

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51
Q

Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion molecules and hemidesmosomes are both

A

Cell-matrix junctions

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52
Q

Transmembrane adhesion protein associated with actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion junctions

A

Integrin

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53
Q

Extracellular ligand associated with actin-linked cell matrix adhesion

A

Extracellular matrix proteins

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54
Q

Intracellular cytoskeletal attachment of actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion junctions

A

Actin filaments

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55
Q

Transmembrane adhesion protein associated with hemidesmosomes

A

Integrin, collagen

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56
Q

Extracellular ligand associated with hemidesmosomes

A

Extracellular matrix proteins

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57
Q

intracellular cytoskeleton attachment of hemidesmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

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58
Q

Generally speaking anchoring proteins do not directly bind to the intracellular filaments bit they do so through:

A

Recruitments of anchoring filaments

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59
Q

Third principle: how do cells modulate adhesion?

A
  1. Controlling surface density of adhesion receptors
  2. Controlling state of aggregation of adhesion receptors
  3. Controlling state of activation of adhesion receptors
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60
Q

Reflects not only the level of synthesis but also the portion of adhesion molecules between the plasma membrane and intracellular storage compartments

A

Surface density

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61
Q

An example of cells modulating surface density, state of aggregation and state of acitvation of their adhesion receptors is:

A

Endothelial cells expressing P-selectin

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62
Q

What do cadherins control?

A

The selective assortment of cells

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63
Q

Cells can sort themselves out according to _____ and ____ of the cadherins they express

A

Type; level

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64
Q

Cells can separate out based on the _____ of the cadherins they express

A

Density

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65
Q

Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules

A

Cadherins

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66
Q

What are cadherins critical for?

A

Establishing and maintaining intercellular connections

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67
Q

Cadherins appear to be crucial to the:

A

Spatial segregation of cell types

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68
Q

How are cadherins anchored into the cell?

A

Catenins

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69
Q

The anchoring complex of proteins of cadherins

A

Catenins

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70
Q

The cadherin-catenin complex forms the ______ junctions that connect epithelial cells together

A

Classic adherens junctions

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71
Q

What do catenins bind to in the cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

Actin

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72
Q

What is the cadherin bridge dependent upon?

A

Calcium

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73
Q

The fourth principle of adhesion: The rates of ____ and ____ are important determinants of cellular adhesion

A

Ligand binding; dissociation

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74
Q

When a cell surface adhesion protein binds their ligands weakly this allows for:

A

Rapidly reversible interactions

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75
Q

When multiple weak interactions cluster together to stabilize the adherens and desmosomes junctions- the combined strength of these bonds is said to increase the:

A

Avidity of the interaction

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76
Q

Strength of interaction

A

Avidity

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77
Q

Fifth principle of adhesion: What do many adhesion receptors interact with inside the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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78
Q

What links cadherins and integrins to actin filaments or intermediate filaments

A

Adapter proteins

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79
Q

The adapter protein interaction provides mechanical continuity from cell to cell in muscles and epithelia, allowing them to:

A

Transmit forces
Resist mechanical disruption

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80
Q

In certain cell types where mechanic forces are constantly present, what is important?

A

Mechanical continuity

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81
Q

Sixth principle of adhesion: Association of ligands with adhesion receptors can _______ leading to changes in gene expression, cellular differentiation, secretion, motility, receptor activation and cell division

A

Activate intracellular signal transduction pathways

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82
Q

Signaling through adhesion receptors allows cells to respond appropriately to _______ with the surrounding matrix or cells

A

Physical interactions

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83
Q

In the linkage of classical cadherins to actin filaments, how many different sites do the extra cellular domain of the cadherin does calcium bind to?

A

Four

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84
Q

On the cadherin, what part of the domain does calcium bind to?

A

The extracellular domain

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85
Q

When more and more calcium binds to the cadherin, and all four sites are bound, what happens to the structure?

A

It becomes rigid

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86
Q

What adaptor and anchor proteins connect the cadherin to the actin filament intracellularly

A

P120-catenin
Beta-catenin
Other anchor proteins

87
Q

The anchoring and adaptor proteins of the classical cadherin associate what part of the cadherin to the actin filaments?

A

Cytoplasmic tail

88
Q

Cells attach to the underlying ECM through two types of junctions that are:

A

Integrin-dependent

89
Q

What are the two types of integrin-dependent junctions that attach the cell to the underlying extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Focal adhesions
  2. Hemidesmosomes
90
Q

Which type of integrin-dependent junctions attaches the actin cytoskeleton to fibers of fibronectin

A

Focal adhesions

91
Q

Which type of integrin-dependent junction connects intermediate filaments to the basal laminae

A

Hemidesmosomes

92
Q

Integrin-containing cell matrix junctions are found in what types of cells- give examples

A

Highly motile, weakly adherent cells (keratinocytes)
Strongly adherent, immobile cells (epithelia)

93
Q

In focal adhesions, you get an adhesion plaque with integrins associated with the ECM, and when changes of movement/stretching occur, that results in:

A

Force transmission through the integrins and into the actin filaments

94
Q

In focal adhesions, when you get force transmission through integrin into the actin filaments this ultimately leads to tugging of:

A

Proteins in the nucleus

95
Q

What two integrin linkage ancillary proteins are important intracellularly

A

Talin and vinculin

96
Q

Extracellularly in an integrin linkage, active integrin binds in what type of mechanism

A

Clamping mechanism

97
Q

Extracellularly in integrin linkages, active integrin binding in a claminping mechanisms between:

A

Alpha and beta subunits to the extracellular matrix protein

98
Q

Where is the hemidesmosome mainly found

A

Basal surface of epithelial cells

99
Q

What firmly anchors epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosome

100
Q

What does the cytosolic side of a hemidesmosome consist of?

A

A plaque composed of adaptor proteins

101
Q

On the cytosolic side of the hemidesmosome the adaptor proteins composing the plaque are attached to:

A

The ends of keratin filaments

102
Q

What form of integrin is localized to hemidesmosomes

A

Alpha-6-beta-4

103
Q

What does the integrin alpha-6-beta-4 bind to within the plaques

A

Plectin (an adaptor protein)

104
Q

What does integrin alpha-6-beta-4 bind to in the ECM

A

Laminin

105
Q

How do hemidesmosomes increase the overall rigidity of epithelial tissues

A

By interconnecting the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton with fibers of basal lamina

106
Q

It is important to know that hemidesmosomes connect:

A

The intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina

107
Q

What type of filaments do hemidesmosomes attach to on the inside of the cell?

A

Keratin

108
Q

What do hemidesmosomes attach to on the extracellular matrix side?

A

Collagen and laminin

109
Q

An important group of anchoring proteins involved in hemidesmosomes

A

Plectin and dystonin

110
Q

Plectin and dystonin help the hemidesmosomes to

A

Anchor to the keratin filaments inside the cell

111
Q

What clinical relevance do adhesion proteins play a role in

A

Platelet function, development, and health/disease

112
Q

What is the first thing that happens after we have an injury to a blood vessel

A

Spasm that constricts blood vessel

113
Q

What is the second step that occurs after an injury to a blood vessel (after the spasm)

A

Platelet aggregation to site of injury

114
Q

Platelet aggregation to the site of injury is trying to accomplish:

A

Platelet plug

115
Q

When we have an exposure of the underlying sub-endothelium what certain molecules are being newly exposed that would have previously been covered up by endothelial cells

A

Collagen and Von Willebrand factor

116
Q

Blood clotting factor that binds to a specific adhesion molecule called GP1B

A

Von Willebrand factor

117
Q

The GP1B that Von Willebrand factor binds to is located on:

A

Platelets

118
Q

When an interaction occurs (either Von Willebrand to GP1B or binding to the collagen matrix) what gets activated?

A

Platelets

119
Q

In platelet adhesion, once the platelets get activated what do they produce or release

A

ADP

120
Q

The production or release of ADP from platelets causes a confirmational change in what molecule

A

GPIIb-IIIa

121
Q

In platelet adhesion process, once GPIIb-IIIa undergoes a conformational change this complex will then bind

A

Fibrinogen

122
Q

Where is the fibrinogen that the GPIIb-IIIa complex binds during platelet adhesion

A

In circulation

123
Q

After the GPIIb-IIIa complex binds fibrinogen, the fibrinogen will:

A

Links multiple platelets together

124
Q

When GPIIb-IIIa binds fibrinogen we ultimately get:

A

A cross-linking of platelets, causing them to aggregate

125
Q

Aggregation of platelets creates a:

A

Plug that will prevent blood flow

126
Q

The platelet plug is anchored to the site of the injury through:

A

Linkage of GP1B to the Von Willebrand factor

127
Q

If you have a deficiency in GP1B, this is known as:

A

Von Willebrands disease

128
Q

If you have a deficiency in the GPIIb-IIIa this is known as

A

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

129
Q

Normally platelets are free flowing and do not have access to:

A

Collagen and Von Willebrand (bc they’re covered up)

130
Q

What layer of tissue is exposed when damage to the blood vessel occurs

A

Basal lamina

131
Q

Platelet activation:

  1. Damage to blood vessel exposes _______
  2. Initial binding of _____
  3. Platelets become _______
  4. Activated platelets secrete _____
  5. Activated platelets _____ over defect
A

Basal lamina
Platelets
Activated
ADP
Aggregate

132
Q

What is the first independent stimuli that activates platelets

A
  1. Integrin alpha-2-beta-1 binds collagen in basal lamina
133
Q

What is the second independent stimuli that activates platelets

A
  1. Thrombin activates 7-helix receptors
134
Q

What is the third independent stimuli that activates platelets

A
  1. ADP activates 7-helix receptors
135
Q

Platelets aggregate when:

A

Fibrinogen cross-links

136
Q

It is important that platelet activation only occurs _____ to prevent ____

A

Locally; systemic clotting

137
Q

E-cadherin

A

Epithelial cadherin

138
Q

What is two other names for E-cadherin

A

Uvomorulin and L-CAM

139
Q

E-cadherin is expressed on all _____ even at the one-cell stage

A

Mammalian embryonic cells

140
Q

Later on in embryogenesis E-cadherin goes fron being expressed in all embryonic cells to being:

A

Restricted to epithelial tissues of embryos and adults

141
Q

P-cadherin

A

Placental cadherin

142
Q

P-cadherin appears to be expressed primarily on the

A

Trophoblast cells

143
Q

Placental cells of the mammalian embryo that contact the uterine wall

A

Trophoblast

144
Q

It thought that P-cadherin facilitates the connection of the _____ to ____

A

Embryo; uterus

145
Q

N-cadherin

A

Neural cadherin

146
Q

N-cadherin is first seen on _____ cells in the gastrulating embryo as they lose their E-cadherin expression

A

Mesodermal

147
Q

N-cadherin is seen highly expressed on the:

A

Cells of the developing nervous system

148
Q

Cadherins join together by binding to the same type of cadherin on another cell (E-cadherin sticks best to other cells with E-cadherin and will sort out from N-cadherin cells)

What type of pattern is this?

A

Homophilic binding

149
Q

Cell sorting is driven by

A

Cadherins

150
Q

When the cells of different tissues in the developing embryo are dissociated, mixed and then allowed to re-aggregate what occurs and what drives this process

A

Cells assort back into their respective layers/tissues - this is due to cadherin

151
Q

Cadherins can be ______ in their expression

A

Spatially restricted

152
Q

Cell concentration of cadherins, and how they are spatially restricted in the neural tube leads down the differentiation pathway to the formation of:

A

More and more complex tissues

153
Q

What are the functional roles of the basal lamina

A
  1. Molecular filter
  2. Cell barrier
  3. Molecular scaffolding to aid in regeneration after injury
154
Q

Retaining proteins in the blood, while filtering toxic substance into the urine pertains to what role of the basal lamina

A

Molecular filter

155
Q

In tooth formation, the ameloblasts and odontoblasts are separated by a basement membrane- what role of the basal lamina is this describing?

A

Cell barrier

156
Q

Protein involved in many steps of cell migration

A

Vinculin

157
Q

During traction force generation _____ links ______ to the actin cytoskeleton and bears the forces exerted during motility

A

Vinculin; integrins

158
Q

Vinculin can interact with _____ to induce a conformation change that reduces vinculins interaction with actin, thereby promoting the disassembly of focal adhesions

A

PIP2

159
Q

Certain types of cells move and do so because of their ability to vary the ____ of interaction with the ECM at one part of the cell relative to another part of the cell

A

Avidity

160
Q

Vinculin plays a role in what type of cell migration

A

Polarized

161
Q

What are the three steps of transendothelial migration in the nervous system

A
  1. Capture and rolling
  2. Activation and adhesion
  3. Migration
162
Q

Transendothelial migration is really important in:

A

Vasculature

163
Q

Loose association of cells and tight association and activation of certain receptors is characteristic of what process

A

Transendothelial migration

164
Q

Defects in leukocyte function are often associated with:

A

Mutation in adhesion molecules

165
Q

Leukocytes adhesion deficiency has a severe tooth phenotype that is associated with:

A

Extreme caries and gingivitis

166
Q

In a normal individual what are transmigrating through the vasculature and into the tissue

A

Neutrophils

167
Q

Normal individuals with transmigration-competent neutrophils have the presence of neutrophils that restrains the expression of _____ to normal levels

A

IL-23

168
Q

What type of neutrophils do individuals with LAD contain

A

Transmigration-incompetent neutrophils

169
Q

LAD

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

170
Q

In LAD individuals the absence of neutrophil regulation unleashes the overexpression of ______ and downstream cytokines _____ and _____

A

IL-23; IL-17 & G-CSF

171
Q

It is important that our neutrophils prevent the release of IL-23 because IL-23 leads to the activation of another cell that secretes

A

IL-17

172
Q

Targets tissue fibroblasts to release G-CSF

A

IL-17

173
Q

What does G-CSF in normal levels do

A

Regulated granulopoiesis

174
Q

An increased level of IL-17 leads to inflammatory bone loss and dysbiosis ultimately leads to

A

LAD-associated periodontitis

175
Q

In addition to causing LAD-associated periodontitis, an increase in IL-17 can cause increase in GCSF, which causes

A

Excessive granulopoiesis

176
Q

T-Cells use cell adhesion receptors in the process of:

A

Antigen presentation

177
Q

In order for ________to occur a cassette (many) cell adhesion molecules must be expressed and have to bind to their receptors on the other opposing cell

A

Clonal expansion of T-cell

178
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules play a role in the regulation of T-cell:

A

Response to antigen

179
Q

Cell adhesion receptors participate in process of sensation and response to

A

Mechanical forces

180
Q

What activates signaling pathways at adhesion sites?

A

Mechanical tension

181
Q

Cause the dissociation or de-adhesion of cells to the ECM or between cells

A

Disintegrins

182
Q

What sequence do many disintegrins contain

A

RGD

183
Q

The RGD sequence contained by many disintegrins is also present in many

A

ECM proteins

184
Q

By binding to integrins on the surface of cells, disintegrins:

A

Competitively inhibit binding of cells to matrix components

185
Q

Many disintegrins are present in snake venom, which prevent ______ and are partially responsible for the anticoagulant property of venoms

A

Platelets from aggregating

186
Q

What are the two classes of de-adhesion factors?

A
  1. Disintegrins with the RDG sequence
  2. De-adhesion factors that contain the proteases ADAMs and MMPs
187
Q

Membrane bound proteases that catalyze shedding of transmembrane proteins

A

ADAMs (ADAMS-TS)

188
Q

A soluble enzyme that cleaves non-fibrillation ECM proteins

A

ADAM-TS

189
Q

Because ADAM-TS enzymes degrades the ECM matrix components it functions to

A

Facilitate cell migration

190
Q

Bu binding of the integrins through their RGD sequence, the disintegrins:

A

Competitively inhibit binding of cells to matrix

191
Q

MMPs

A

Matrix-specific metalloproteases

192
Q

Responsible for proteolytic degradation of transmembrane adhesion molecules

A

ADAMs or MMPs

193
Q

Any time there is some kind of force whether its stress of tension applied to ECM that will be transferred through:

A

The integrins to the actin filaments

194
Q

An adaptor proteins that when it changes its conformation it changes how the fibers inside the cell behave (like actin) and creates a mechanism for cells to move

A

Vinculin

195
Q

Subcellular structures through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the ECM and cell interior

A

Focal adhesion

196
Q

Very small stud-like structures found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matriz

A

Hemidesmosome

197
Q

Transmembrane receptors composed of heterodimer is subunits which were products of two separate genes

A

Integrin receptors

198
Q

Mediates both cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion

A

Integrin family of transmembrane adhesion receptors

199
Q

To increase the affinity of integrin receptors for their extracellular ligands

A

Integrin activation

200
Q

Integrin activation is controlled by intracellular signals that through their action on ______ induce confirmational changes in the integrin extracellular domains that result in increase affinity for there ligand

A

Integrin cytoplasmic domain

201
Q

Cell membrane receptor by which cells specifically recognize eachother and adhere to eachother

A

Cell-cell adhesion receptor

202
Q

Cell membrane receptor by which cells specifically recognize cell matrix proteins and adhere to them

A

Cell-matrix adhesion receptor

203
Q

ICAM-1 is an example of what type of receptor?

Fibronectin is an example of what type of receptor?

A

Cell to cell
Cell to matrix

204
Q

What are the two subunits that the leukocyte adhesion receptor is composed of

A

CD18 and CD11a

205
Q

What ligand is associated with leukocytes function associated antigen-1

A

ICAM

206
Q

LFA-1 typically exists in:

A

Inactive state

207
Q

When LFA-1 is in its typical inactive state, it has ____ affinity for ICAM

A

Low

208
Q

When LFA-1 is in its activated states it has _____ affinity for ICAM

A

Enhanced

209
Q

What stimulates the activation of LFA-1

A

Chemokines

210
Q

What is an ICAM

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule

211
Q

Important in inflammation, immune response, and intracellular signaling

A

ICAM

212
Q

A type of adhesion molecule important in formation of adheren junctions to bind cells to eachother (calcium dependent)

A

Cadherins

213
Q

Small proteins from viper venoms which function as potent inhibitors of both platelet aggregation and integrin-dependent adhesion

A

Disintegrins

Applied Biochemistry (18 decks)

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