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GIT > saliva and gastric secretions > Flashcards

saliva and gastric secretions Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A

lubrication for swallowing and speaking
mineralisation of teeth (high ca and increase ph to prevent from acid damage)
maintenance of oral hygiene - saliva contains lysosomes with peroxides to destroy bacteria
digestion - amylases for carbs and lapses for fats but only get activated in the stomach in the low ph
salvation for taste

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2
Q

what does lactoferon in saliva do

A

removes iron to stop growth of bacteria

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3
Q

what is xerostomia

A

dry mouth due to lack of saliva causing increase in gum disease and cavities

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4
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

submandibular
parotid
sublingual

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5
Q

what is released from the submandibular

A

70% secretions

both mucus and serous fluid

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6
Q

what is mucus made up of and what from

A

viscous fluid made up of glycoproteins from mucus cells

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7
Q

what is released from the parotid gland

A

25% secretions

mainly serous fluid

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8
Q

what is released from the sublingual gland

A

5% secretions

mainly mucin release

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9
Q

how much saliva is produced per day

A

1.5 L

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10
Q

what are acini

A

bulb like cluster of epithelial cells that secret primary secretion fo salvia into a ductal system

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11
Q

what is the anatomical order or movement of salvia from acini to the mouth

A

acini - intercolated duct - striated duct - excretory duct

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12
Q

what is in primary secretion

A 
Na 
hco3 - 
K 
water 
cl
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13
Q

what is the role of the intercolated duct

A

constrict and dilate to control flow of saliva

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14
Q

what helps myoepithelial cells to release saliva

A

contain smooth muscle which dilates and contracts

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15
Q

where does modification of saliva take place

A

in the striated duct

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16
Q

what happens in terms of ions and water occurs in the striated duct

A

solution is hypotonic as duct epithelial cells have poor permeability to water
na and cl is reabsorbed
more k and hco3 is secreted into the duct

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17
Q

when is saliva like plasma

A

primary secretion is most similar to plasma conc of inorganic ions

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18
Q

what happens to saliva during low flow rates

A

hypotonic and allows time for absorption and secretion of ions

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19
Q

what happens to saliva in fast flow rates

A

less time for reabsorption so more na cl and bicarbonate - salvia less hypotonic

20
Q

what happens to Na cl k and hco3 in high flow rates of saliva and what is the highest to the lowest in conc

A

k stays the same and the rest increase

na - bicarbonate - cl - K

21
Q

what effect to para symp and sympathetic have on flow rates of saliva

A

both increase saliva flow rates

22
Q

what effect does the para symp have on saliva

A

increase ach release from nicotinic receptors causing contraction of myoepithilial cells increase secretion - this also releases VIP which causes vasodilation so more o2 for contraction of smooth muscle

23
Q

what effect does symp have on the saliva

A

symp increases NA and A which targets adrenocepters causing contraction of the myoepithelial cells increasing secretion

24
Q

what three other factors other than nervous input cause increase in saliva

A

cephalic reflex (pavlova dogs)
food in the mouth
chewing

25
Q

what factors inhibit saliva flow

A

fear
dehydration
mental effort

26
Q

what is sialadentits, symptoms cause and treatment

A

infection of submandibular or parotid gland mainly affect those with a dry mouth or dehydrated (decreased flow of saliva) can be due to malnourishment or immunosuppressants
fever, chills, redness and tenderness

27
Q

what are the symptoms cause and treatments of sjorgns syndrome

A

autoimmune condition affecting the saliva glands
dry mouth and dry eyes cough and numbness
genetic disorder or virus and bacteria infection
use antihistamine, artificial tears/ punctual plugs, chewing gum

28
Q

what are the functions of gastric secretions

A 
protection of the stomach from high acidity via secretion of bicarbonate 
activation of enzymes 
digestion of proteins
absorption of VIT B12 
protection against food bourne infection
29
Q

from top of the pit to the bottom name the cells of a gastric pic

A 
surface mucus cells 
stem cells 
mucus neck cells 
d cells 
ecl cells 
parietal cells 
chief cells 
g cells
30
Q

what do surface mucus cells do

A

secrete mucus and bicarbonate

31
Q

what do D cells do

A

secrete somatostatin

32
Q

what do chief cells do

A

secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin in low ph

33
Q

what do g cells do

A

secrete gastrin

34
Q

what do ecl and parietal cells do

A

ecl = histamine

parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

35
Q

what does intrinsic factor do

A

aids in absorption of vit b 12

36
Q

what inhibits the pumping of H+ into the stomach

A

omeprazole - antacid

37
Q

what do mucus do to protect the stomach and what stimulates release

A

traps bicarbonate to neutralise acid

prostaglandins

38
Q

what inhibits prostaglandins

A

aspirin and ethanol

39
Q

what stimulates parietal cells to release acid

A

histamine from ecl cells
gastrin from g cells and gastrin stimulates ECL cells
ACH has direct input on parietal cells
ACH also increases vagus activity which stimulates g cells to release gastrin

40
Q

what blocks histamine release

A

cimetidine

41
Q

what blocks acid release from parietal cells

A

omeprazole

42
Q

describe the negative feedback from acid secretion in the stomach

A

high acidity stimulates d cells to release somatostatin which stops histamine and gastrin release but has no effect on direct stimulation on parietal cell via ach

43
Q

what are the cephalic reflexes of acid secretion

A

fear and depression reduce acid secretion
anger and tension increase secretion
food in the mouth increases secretion

44
Q

what are the gastric effects on regulation of acid secretion

A

distention increases acid secretion (vaso-vagal)
hypertonicity
alcohol and aa

45
Q

what stimulates pepsinogen release

A

CCK, gastrin, secretin and ACH from vagus nerve

46
Q

why do we need intrinsic factor, where does it come from and what are the defect treatments

A

need it for absorption of VIT B12
released from parietal cells
deficit causes pernicious aenemia
treatment is cyanocoalabin injection

GIT (10 decks)

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