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GIT > Anatomy of the GIT > Flashcards

Anatomy of the GIT Flashcards

1
Q

name the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

R/L hypochondium, RL flank, RL inguinal, epigastric, umbilical and pubis

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2
Q

what is the mesentery made up of

A

joining of the right and left parietal peritoneum on the posterior side of the abdomen wall

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3
Q

what is the function of the mesentery

A

allow innervation of nerves and blood supply to the organs

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4
Q

what is the layer called that covers viscera

A

visceral peritoneum

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5
Q

what structures are retroperitoneal

A

ascending and descending colon
rectum
duodenum

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6
Q

what structures are intraperitoneal

A 
stomach 
ileum 
caeceum 
jejunum 
transverse and sigmoid colon
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7
Q

describe the structure and role of the stomach

A

highly distensible heavily folded sac for mechanical and chemical breakdown of food producing chyme

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8
Q

what allows the stomach to be suspended in the peritoneum

A

greater and lesser omentum

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9
Q

what is the structure and function of the greater omentum

A

extends down the inferior border of the stomach and sits as an apron. responsible for fat deposition for protection, immune contribution and wound isolation

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10
Q

what is the structure of the lesser omentum

A

runs from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and has a free edge on the right lateral surface

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11
Q

what runs in the free edge of the lesser omentum

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
hepatic bile ducts
hepatic plexus of nerves

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12
Q

what tube enters the stomach - what is at the exit of the stomach

A

oesophagus and the duodenum

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13
Q

what is the highest point of the stomach called?

A

fundus

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14
Q

what is the largest part of the stomach called

A

body

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15
Q

what is the first part of the stomach called from the oesophagus

A

cardia

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16
Q

what is the region called before the exit of the stomach and which part is closest to the duodenum

A

pyloric canal is closest to the duodenum and pyloric anthem is closest to the body

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17
Q

what three regions make up the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunem
ileum

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18
Q

what is the function of the duodenum

A

primary site of nutrient absorption

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19
Q

what is the role of the mesentery in the small intestine

A

connect the jejuneum and ileum to the posterior abdomen wall

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20
Q

what sides of the body do the jejunum and the duodenum start within the sections of the abdomen

A

duodenum is right upper side (RH)

jejunum is middle left (LF)

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21
Q

describe the anatomy of the large intestine from right to left including flexures

A

caecum (appendix) - ascending colon - right colic flexure - transverse colon - splenic flexure (left colic) - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum - anal canal

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22
Q

what is the main function of the large intestine

A

water absorption and transmit of waste to the rectum

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23
Q

where does the pancreas sit

A

posterior to the stomach on the posterior abdomen wall, sits in the concave c aspect of the duodenum

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24
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

secrete pancreatic juice via ducts to the duodenum

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25
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

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26
Q

describe the route and joining ducts of pancreatic juice to the duodenum

A

main pancreatic duct joins with the bile duct from the liver forming the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla (sphincter of oddi), the ampulla opens up into the duodenum via the major duodenal papillae

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27
Q

where does the spleen sit

A

left lateral abdominal wall against the 9th 10th and 11th rib

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28
Q

what is the function of the spleen and why is it easy to damage

A

lymphatic organ and helps to filter out dead or damaged rbc

it is a superficial organ and can be penetrated by broken ribs

29
Q

what separates the anterior and posterior part of the tongue

A

v shaped ridge - terminal sulcus

30
Q

what are the four taste buds from anterior to posterior to posterior-lateral

A

fungiform (papillae)
filliform
vallate
foliate

31
Q

what is the role of the tonsils

A

immune glands that fight infection

32
Q

what are the five flavours on the tongue

A 
umami 
bitter 
sweet 
satly 
sour
33
Q

what three structures make up the pharynx

A

nasal cavity
oral cavity
larynx

34
Q

what is the function of the epiglottis

A

seal of the windpipe when swallowing - also aids in phonation

35
Q

what is peristalsis

A

descending contractions of circular smooth muscle

36
Q

what division of the nervous system controls peristalsis

A

enteric nervous system

37
Q

how long is the oesophagus

38
Q

where does the oesophagus lie

A

posterior to the trachea
posterior to the aortic arch
posterior to the heart

39
Q

how does the oesophagus enter the thorax

A

via the thoracic inlet

40
Q

where does the blood supply to the go tract come from

A

abdominal aorta

41
Q

what organs are supplied by the coeliac trunk

A 
foregut:
osephagus 
stomach 
proximal half of duodenum 
liver and gall bladder
pancreas 
spleen
42
Q

what organs are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery

A 
distal half of duodenum 
jejunum 
ileum 
caecum 
ascending column 
proximal 2/3 of the transverse
43
Q

what organs are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse
descending column
sigmoid column
rectum

44
Q

at which vertebral level do the colic trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric artery leave the aorta

45
Q

what percentage and what source does the lover receive its blood supply

A

hepatic artery 20%

nutrient rich and high in oxygen

46
Q

what is the role of the portal system

A

deliver blood from the gut to the liver allowing detoxification of absorbed substances from the gut - venous blood is returned to systemic circulation via the hepatic veins

47
Q

what does cirrhosis causes and how does it resolve this

A

hypertension in the portal vein

utilise a series of redundant portal systemic anastomoses which allow blood to return to the heart

48
Q

where within the abdominal regions does the liver lie

A

the RH, epigastric and part of the LH

49
Q

what is main function of the liver

A

detoxify ingested substrates, protein synthesis, storage of glycogen and production of bile

50
Q

what can you see on the anterior view of the liver

A

right lobe
left lobe
falciform ligament

51
Q

what is the falciform ligament made up of and what is its role

A

peritoneum

attaches liver to anterior wall

52
Q

what can you see from the posterior view of the liver

A 
right lobe 
left lobe 
caudate and quadrate 
gall bladder
inferior vena cava
53
Q

the free margin of the falciform ligament is thickened, what ran here before development and what has it become

A

umbilical vein which is now the round ligament of the liver

54
Q

which is the biggest lobe of the liver

A

right lobe

55
Q

how many functional segments are in the liver and why is this good

A

8

if you need to remove a tumour from surgery you still have 7 other functioning lobes

56
Q

is the liver retroperitoneal

A

no the liver is mostly intraperitoneal except for a small region on its superior posterior border

57
Q

what is the blood supply of the liver

A

hepatic artery branches

portal veins

58
Q

where does the gall bladder lie

A

between the right and quadrate lobes

59
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder

A

STORAGE and concentration of bile

60
Q

what ducts does bile exit the liver and travel to the duodenum

A

hepatic ducts leave the liver
form the common hepatic duct
joining of the cystic duct from the gall bladder forms the bile duct.
bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct and enters the second part of the duodenum

61
Q

what part of the ANS must be active to allow bile into the duodenum - what happens during the opposite

A

parasympathetic must be stimulated
during sympathetic is causes contraction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter - bile therefore is pushed upwards into the gal bladder via the cystic duct

62
Q

what three layers make up the stomach

A

mucosa (inner), submucosa and muscularis externa

63
Q

what are the 6 cells of the stomach

A 
D/G cells (enteroendocrine cells) 
surface mucus cells
parietal (oxygenic) cells 
stem cells 
mucus neck cells
chief cells
64
Q

what are the differences in histology of the small intestine to the large intestine

A

small intestine has 4 layers
small intestine has microvilli in proximal 2/3
contains plicae ciricularea
small intestine has mucosa and submucosa
large intestine has more goblet cells to secrete mucus for faeces

65
Q

why does the pain moves in appendicitis

A

goes from central to right lilac fossa due to referred pain

66
Q

function of parietal cells
chief cells
g cells
d cells

A

secrete HCL
secrete pepsinogen and lipase
secrete gastrin - stimulate HCL and pepsinogen release
secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin

67
Q

what causes peptic ulcer

A

high alcohol or aspirin abuse causing high acidity in the stomach

68
Q

what are teanae coli
haustra
epiploic appendages

A

three brands of smooth muscles
bulges caused by contraction of smooth muscle
fat accumulations

69
Q

what is diverticulosis what causes it and what can in lead to

A

outpockets of the mucosa that push through the outer muscular layers
caused by poor fibre in the diet
can lead to diverticulitis which is when one or more become inflamed and infected

GIT (10 decks)

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