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Physio > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

What are the compositions of saliva?

A

Amylase
Bicarbonate
Electrolytes
Lysozyme, IgbA
Mucin
Water

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2
Q

Important Functions of Water

A

Taste
Dissolution of nutrients
Swallowing and speech

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3
Q

An important function of Bicarbonate

A

buffer for esophageal reflux

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4
Q

Important function mucin

A

{more on cover eme}
Lubrication of bolus
Surface protection

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5
Q

Importance of amylase

A

Starch digestion

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6
Q

Importance of Lysozome, IgbA

A

Antibacterial

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7
Q

Importance of Electrolytes

A

k+ > Na+, Cl-
likely means that potassium is considered more important than sodium and chloride. This might be because potassium plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrical potential across cell membranes, particularly in nerve and muscle cells. Imbalances in potassium levels can lead to serious health issues, including abnormal heart rhythms.

Sodium and chloride are also important electrolytes, but perhaps in this context, the emphasis is on potassium due to its critical role in cellular function. Sodium is important for fluid balance and nerve function, while chloride helps maintain the body’s acid-base balance and is important for digestion.

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8
Q

serous component secretions of saliva contains _________.

A

the serous components of saliva contain ptyalin

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9
Q

What secretes ptyalin?

A

secreted mostly by parotid (since it secretes MOSTLY serous).

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10
Q

Function of ptyalin

A

ptyalin hydrolyzes starch into maltose, maltotriose, a-limit dextrin

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11
Q

How much dietary starch is hydrolyzed in the mouth vs in gastric fundus and body?

A
  • Mouth: <5%
  • Gastric fundus & body: 30%-40% prior to inactivation of amylase by gastric secretions
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12
Q

Deficiency in saliva

A

Xerostomia
(may cause dental caries, and ulcer)

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13
Q

optimal pH of ptyalin

A

pH 6.7

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14
Q

pH ptyalin is inactivated

A

pH <4.0

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15
Q

An oral pH of 7.0 is maintained by?

A

Salivary Buffer

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16
Q

Mucous components of salivary secretions contain _______.

A

Mucin

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17
Q

Compare the parotid, Submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and buccal gland secretion.

A

Parotid -> mostly serous
Sublingual and submandibular -> both serous and mucus
buccal -> ONLY mucus

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18
Q

The primary secretions in 1st stage of salivary secretion

A

ptyalin
mucus (mucin)
Ions

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19
Q

As primary secretion flows through the duct, what happens?

A

As primary secretions flow through the duct, Na+ is reabsorbed and K+ is secreted.
With this Na+ decreases, and K+ increases.

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20
Q

When Na+ is excessively reabsorbed, an electronegativity of -70mV in the ducts is created, what will this cause?

A

-70mV electronegativity causes Cl- to be passively reabsorbed as well. Hence, at this stage:
- Decreased Cl-
- Decreased Na+
- Increased K+

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21
Q

Due to Cl- reabsorption, what is secreted?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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22
Q

salivary secretion concentration in resting condition of Na+

A

15 mEq/L

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23
Q

salivary secretion concentration in resting condition of Cl-

A

15 mEq/L

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24
Q

salivary secretion concentration in resting condition of K+

A

30 mEq/L

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25
Q

salivary secretion concentration in resting condition of HCO3

A

50-70 mEq/L

26
Q

Where is bicarbonate during salivary secretions, secreted from?

A

ductal epithelium

27
Q

What is the maximal salivation of Na+ and Cl- in relation to plasma?

A

1/2 to 2/3 of plasma

28
Q

What is the maximal salivation of K+ in relation to plasma?

A

4x of plasma

29
Q

During maximal salivation, the acinar secretion increases as well up to how much?

A

Acinar secretion: 20 folds

30
Q

The three salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular) produce how much saliva in a day at rest with relative hypotonicity to plasma (in short: in rel. to plasma).

A

1 to 1.5 L/day

31
Q

the lubrication function of saliva is brought about mainly by _________.

32
Q

A mucus is a thick secretion composed mainly of ___________.

A
  • water
  • Electrolytes
  • Glycoproteins (with large polysaccharides attached to smaller proteins)
33
Q

Property of mucus that allows tight binding to food

A

Adhesion properties.

This spreads thinly over the surfacec

34
Q

Property of mucus that prevents gut wall and food from having an actual contact

A

Coating of gut wall

35
Q

Why does food slide easily along epithelium?

A

Low resistance to slippage

(meaning: more slippery than usual & less viscous)

36
Q

Mucus’s importance on fecal matter

A

Helps fecal particles adhere to one another

37
Q

What is the buffer property of mucus?

A

Neutralizes acid

38
Q

Importance of Glycoprotein of mucus

A

Buffering:
- small acids
- alkali
- bicarbonate
- neutralizes acid

39
Q

amount of salivary secretion during basal waking condition

A

0.5 ml/min of saliva, mainly mucus

39
Q

salivary secretion during sleep

A

decreased, only little

39
Q

How does saliva help in maintaining oral tissue healthy?

A
  1. wash away pathogens and bacteria
  2. Have antibacterial properties
  3. High amounts of antibodies that kills oral bacteria
39
Q

What are the antibacterial factors of saliva?

A

Thiocyanate
Proteolytic enzyme (Lysozyme)

40
Q

Functions of lysozyme in saliva

A
  • helps thiocyanate ions to enter bacteria and perform its bactericidal effect
  • attacks bacteria
  • digest food particles
41
Q

the regulation of saliva is controlled mainly by ________.

A

parasympathetic

42
Q

the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem are specifically located at __________.

A

medullary and pontine junction

43
Q

saliva release is stimulated by ________.

A
  • taste (esp. sour)
  • tactile stimuli (esp. smooth)
44
Q

Signals from this can also stimulate or inhibit salivary secretions

A

Salivatory nuclei signal from the higher center of the CNS

45
Q

What is the reason why a person salivates even before a meal? This is partially regulated by what structure?

A
  • prompted by smell, sight, thought of food
  • The salivatory nuclei send signals from the higher center of the CNS
  • These are regulated partially by appetite area near the anterior hypothalamus
46
Q

stimulation from this area tends to produce thicker saliva

A

sympathetic stimulation from superior cervical ganglia

47
Q

A secondary factor that affects secondary secretion

A

Blood supply to glands

48
Q

how does blood supply to glands affect salivary secretion?

A

Salivary secretions require an adequate nutrient supply to glands (delivered through blood).

49
Q

Nutrients required for salivary secretion

A

Kallikrein
a2-globulin
bradikynin

50
Q

a strong vasodilator produced by a2-globulin

A

bradykinin

51
Q

these are secreted by salivary cells that act on a2-globulin

A

Kallikrein

52
Q

These are acted upon by kallikrein and produce bradykinin

A

a2-globulin

53
Q

reflexes that stimulate salivary secretion

A

act of chewing
taste & tactile sensations from the tongue

54
Q

The central triggers

A
  • sight
  • smell
  • thought of food
55
Q

salivary secretions are inhibited by

A

fear, or when asleep

56
Q

Parasympathetics –> Otic ganglion – ______________

A

–Ach–> Parotid gland –> Increased salivary secretion via vasodilation or acinar secretion

57
Q

Parasympathetics –> Submandibular ganglion –> ______________

A

–ACh –> Submandibular gland –> Increased salivary secretion via vasodilation or acinar secretion

Physio (15 decks)

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