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Biology > SAFOLO — 2j.1 — Coordination/hormones in humans > Flashcards

SAFOLO — 2j.1 — Coordination/hormones in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of insulin?

A

Regulates glucose levels and induces glucose storage in the liver. Signals muscles and fat tissue cells to stop breaking down glucose to help stabilise the blood sugar levels. Glucagon stimulates the break down and formation of glycogen

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2
Q

Why does blood sugar need to be controlled?

A

If blood sugar is high the cell becomes crenated since it doesn’t have enough water (concentrated) and it will shrivel up, no osmosis.
If cells have low blood sugar levels, it is more diluted and it can burst, no osmosis

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3
Q

ADH?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Pituitary gland
  • Target organ is kidney
  • Controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys
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4
Q

Adrenaline?

A
  • Adrenal gland
  • Target organ: vital organs - heart
  • Prepares body for action - ‘fight or flight’
  • Increase in HR
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5
Q

Thermoregulation?

A

Controls body temperature to ensure optimum temperature for enzymes
Thermoreceptors in the brain detect this
Hypothalamus is the area of the brain responsible for detecting changes and thermoreceptors inside it detect the change in temp.

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6
Q

What happens when the body is too hot?

A
  • Blood shunting
  • Hormone influence
  • Evaporation/sweating
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Vasodilation
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7
Q

What happens when the body is too cold?

A
  • Blood shunting
  • Shivering
  • Hormone influence
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased movement, huddling, reduction of exposed surfaces
  • Goosebumps (trap heat)
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8
Q

Blood shunting?

A

Blood capillaries in the skin dilates and so blood flow increases, bringing more blood to the surface where it loses heat

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9
Q

Short vs. long sighted people

A 
SHORT
- Light focuses short of the fovea
- Concave lens = light focuses correctly on fovea
- Can't focus on distant objects
LONG
- Light focuses long of fovea
- Convex lens = light focuses correctly on fovea
- Can't focus on close objects
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10
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine system

A

NERVOUS
- Electrical messages sent via neurones, uses impulses, controls processes within the body, short lasting, faster
ENDOCRINE
- Chemical, uses hormones, message sent via the blood, long lasting, slower

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11
Q

Endocrine system?

A

Glands and organs that make hormones and release them into blood so they can travel to tissues and organs around the body

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12
Q

Hormone?

A

Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules

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13
Q

Pupil reflex?

A

Contraction of the pupil in response to light entering the eye. Protects retina and photoreceptors from damage. Allows eye to control light entering the eye

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14
Q

Pupil contractions?

A
  • In bright light, circular muscles of iris contract the pupil
  • Decreases light reaching eye
  • Protects retina and photoreceptors
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15
Q

Pupil dilation?

A
  • In dim light, radial muscles contract to dilate the pupil
  • Increases light reaching eye
  • Improves vision
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16
Q

Focusing on objects when they are near vs. far?

A

NEAR
- Lens needs to be wide
- Ciliary muscles contract which flatten the suspensory ligaments
- Rounded lens enables light to focus correctly on fovea
FAR
- Lens needs to be long and thin
- Ciliary muscles relax which tighten suspensory ligaments
- Less rounded lens enables light to focus correctly on fovea

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17
Q

How do molecules move in a synapse?

A
  1. Electric impulse travels along axon and reaches the axon terminal
  2. Triggers vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane
  3. Release NT into synaptic space
  4. Chemicals diffuse across synapse (synaptic cleft)
  5. NT binds with receptor molecules on membrane of next neurone
  6. Receptor molecules on second neurone stimulate second neurone to generate a new electrical impulse
  7. NT gets broken down and moves back to first neurone
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18
Q

Why is the sclera tough?

A

Protects eye from serious damage

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19
Q

Why are there blood vessels within the eye?

A

Provide blood to the eyes

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20
Q

What does the lens feel like?

A

Very elastic. Small muscles attached to the lens can change its shape, allowing the eye to focus on objects at varying distances. Because it contracts and relaxes, muscles change shape

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21
Q

Why isn’t measuring the speed of a response experiment accurate?

A
  • Distance of neurone’s not accurate
  • May have been a human error with the stopwatch
  • Not everyone has the same reaction time
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22
Q

Voluntary action?

A

Brain is involved. Relay neurone in brain (slower)

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23
Q

Reflex action? (What is skipped)

A

Brain is skipped. Relay neurone in spinal cord (faster)

  • Pupils dilating when they detect light
  • Balance
  • Breathing
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24
Q

A person ducks when they see a ball flying towards them. Describe the process

A

STIMULUS is the ball coming towards them
PhotoRECEPTORS in the eye detect the ball
SENSORY NEURONE sends impulse to the CNS
Brain processes info and sends signal down the MOTOR NEURONE
Motor neurone carries impulse to knees (EFFECTOR)
Person RESPONDS and ducks

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25
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Go around the body but come back to brain

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26
Q

Neurones?

A

Specialised nerve cells

Electrical signals called nerve impulses travel along them

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27
Q

Nervous response in order:

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neuron
Central Nervous System (relay neurones)
Motor Neurone
Effector
Response
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28
Q

Measuring the speed of a response experiment?

A
  • Measure the distance the impulse has had to travel (forehead to elbow of everyone)
  • Someone taps the table and starts the stopwatch
  • Next person taps table after
  • Go around the class until the last person and stop the stopwatch
  • Repeat three times and use the fastest time
  • Time x distance of impulse
29
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

Caused by genes and environmental factors (viruses)

Treatment: take insulin. Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting, blood sugar monitoring

30
Q

Type 2 diabetes?

A

Caused by obesity and physical inactivity

Treatment: No cure. But losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage

31
Q

(Nerve cell) Myelin sheath?

A

Insulates and speeds up the impulse

32
Q

Sensory neuron? Diagram + info

A

Cell body on the Side
Receptor —> CNS
Carries impulses from receptors (which detect stimuli) to the CNS

33
Q

Relay neurons? Diagram + info

A

Cell body aLong
CNS —> CNS
Located within the CNS and sends impulses to the motor neurones. Connects a sensory to motor neurone in the CNS

34
Q

Motor neurones? Diagram + info

A

Cell body on TOp
CNS —> effector
Carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs that carry out a response (e.g. muscles)

35
Q

(Nerve cell) Dendrite?

A

Receives impulse

36
Q

(Nerve cell) Nerve ending?

A

Sends impulse

37
Q

(Nerve cell) Axon?

A

Transmits the impulse

38
Q

Target organ?

A

Organs affected by specific hormones

39
Q

Testosterone?

A
  • Produced in testes
  • Targets male reproductive organs
  • Controls puberty in males
  • Triggers development of secondary sexual characteristics
40
Q

Vasoconstriction?

A

Too cold = blood vessels contract = less heat loss

41
Q

Vasodilation?

A

Too hot = blood vessels dilate = more heat loss

42
Q

Reflex arc?

A

Nerve pathway of a reflex action

43
Q

Stimulus?

A

Change in the surroundings of an organism that produces a response

44
Q

Sweating?

A

Producing or excreting water that evaporates from the skin

45
Q

Synapse?

A

Junction between two neurones

  • Nerve and an effector
  • Nerves don’t touch, this allows the control of coordinated responses
46
Q

Oestrogen?

A
  • Produced in ovaries
  • Female reproductive organs
  • Controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in females
47
Q

Progesterone?

A
  • Produced in ovaries
  • Targets female reproductive organs
  • Maintains the lining of the womb in the menstrual cycle
48
Q

Receptors?

A

Cell or organ that detects a stimulus

49
Q

Reflex action?

A

Rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

50
Q

Sensory neuron?

A

Carries impulses from a receptor into the CNS

Cell body is on the Side

51
Q

Motor neurones?

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to an effector organ

Cell body is on TOp

52
Q

Relay neurones?

A

Short neurone that connects a sensory neurone to a motor neurone in the CNS
Cell body is aLong

53
Q

Neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical released at the end of a neurone by the arrival of a nerve impulse. It diffuses across a synapse, causing a new impulse in the following neurones

54
Q

Sclera?

A

Supports wall of eyeball

55
Q

Homeostasis?

A

Maintains constant conditions in the body

56
Q

Insulin?

A
  • Produced by pancreas
  • Targets liver
  • Controls blood sugar levels
57
Q

Neurones?

A

Nerve cell

  • Sensory
  • Motor
  • Relay
58
Q

Circular muscles?

A

Make the pupil smaller (contract)

59
Q

Retina?

A

Inner, light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye

60
Q

Fovea?

A

Region at the centre of the retina where there is a high concentration of light-sensitive receptor cells. Allows focused vision

61
Q

Optic nerve?

A

Nerve carrying impulses from the retina of the eye to the brain

62
Q

Lens?

A

Focuses light rays onto the retina

63
Q

Suspensory ligaments?

A

Fibres between the lens and ciliary body of the eye that holds the lens in position

64
Q

Iris?

A

Coloured part of the eye that changes the size of the pupil

65
Q

Radial muscles?

A

Make the pupil wider (dilate)

66
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

67
Q

Effectors?

A

Organs that bring about a response (muscle, organ or gland)

68
Q

Pupil?

A

Hole in the centre of the iris that allows light to enter the eye

69
Q

Cornea?

A

Transparent layer at the front of the eye that allows light to enter. Refracts light entering the eye — along with the lens

Biology (18 decks)

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