SAFOLO — 2h.2 — Transport in Humans

Question 1

Red blood cells?

Answer 1

Transports Oxygen in Haemoglobin of cell from Lungs to respiring cells for aerobic respiration
Take up 45% of the blood

Question 2

White blood cells?

Answer 2

Composed of two types of cells - Phagocytes that engulf and digest pathogens, and Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to deactivate antigens of Bacteria

Question 3

Platelets?

Answer 3

Form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They release chemicals to make a blood clot when we cut ourselves.

Question 4

Plasma?

Answer 4

(made up of water so can carry many substances) Medium of transport that carries Carbon Dioxide, digested food, Urea, Hormones and Heat

Question 5

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

Answer 5

Shape: biconcave (doughnut) shaped — increase surface area
Structures: No nucleus — more room to pack the cell full of haemoglobin.
Contains haemoglobin — chemical that bonds to O2. It’s a protein molecule and it contains iron.

Question 6

Phagocytes

Answer 6

A non-specific white blood cell that protects the body by engulfing and digesting any harmful foreign particles or pathogens

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

A specific white blood cell that creates antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Question 8

How does a phagocyte fight diseases?

Answer 8

Phagocyte detects pathogen. Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen. Enzymes break down the pathogen

Question 9

How does a lymphocyte fight diseases?

Answer 9

Antigen recognises specific pathogens. Lymphocyte produce antibodies and they destroy the pathogen

Question 10

Diseases caused by bacteria?

Answer 10

Pneumonia, salmonella (food poisoning)

Question 11

Diseases caused by a virus?

Answer 11

HIV, chickenpox, influenza, tobacco mosiac

Question 12

Diseases caused by a protoctista?

Answer 12

Malaria (caused by plasmodium)

Question 13

Diseases caused by fungi?

Answer 13

Ringworm, athlete’s foot

Question 14

Physical defences against diseases

Answer 14

Skin
Mucus membranes
Hairs — eyelashes, nose, eyebrows.
Sneezing, crying, vomiting
Platelets
Tears
Saliva

Question 15

Chemical defences against diseases

Answer 15

Mucus membranes
Stomach acid — ph2, destroys bacteria entering the stomach
Platelets
Tears — chemicals lysozyme enzyme that can break down bacteria cells
Saliva - enzymes

Question 16

Lungs?

Answer 16

Pulmonary

Question 17

Liver?

Answer 17

Hepatic

Question 18

Kidney?

Answer 18

Renal

Question 19

Arteries/aorta?

Answer 19

away

Question 20

Veins/vena cava?

Answer 20

towards

Question 21

Valves?

Answer 21

Prevents backflow of blood

Question 22

Right atrium

Answer 22

Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava (body)

Question 23

Left ventricle?

Answer 23

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through aorta

Question 24

Right ventricle?

Answer 24

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery

Question 25

Left atrium?

Answer 25

Receives oxygenate blood from the pulmonary vein

Question 26

Septum?

Answer 26

Prevents the oxygenated (left) and the deoxygenated (right) from mixing.

Question 27

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 27

When there is a build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary artery the blood supply to some of the heart muscle can get cut off.

Question 28

When heart muscles get cut off (CHD) what happens to the coronary arteries

Answer 28

They can get clogged because they are very narrow

Question 29

main factors that can lead to the development of CHD

Answer 29

Smoking Diet Age Heredity (genetic) Stress and high blood pressure

Question 30

How can CHD be fatal?

Answer 30

If the artery can get clogged up and that part of the heart will stop, leading to a heart attack.

Question 31

How does heart rate change during exercise?

Answer 31

- More energy is needed via respiration to allow muscle contractions - Heart rate increases to allow more oxygen transport in blood - When energy demand exceeds oxygen intake, energy can be produced via anaerobic respiration and will produce lactic acid - After exercise, heart rate will continue to increase since oxygen debt means more oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid

Question 32

- Function of capillaries. - Pressure of blood. - Type of blood carried - Valves? - Thin or thick?

Answer 32

- Deliver O2 but also pick up CO2 through organs - Low - Capillaries carrying blood to organs have oxygenated. Away from organs have deoxygenated - None - Very thin

Question 33

- Function of arteries. - Pressure of blood. - Type of blood carried - Valves? - Thin or thick?

Answer 33

- Carry blood away from the heart. - High - Most carry oxygenated except the pulmonary and umbilical which carry deoxygenated - None - Thick wall and thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen

Question 34

- Function of veins. - Pressure of blood. - Type of blood carried - Valves? - Thin or thick?

Answer 34

- Veins carry blood toward the heart. -  Very low -  Return deoxygenated blood from organs back to heart. - Valves keep blood flowing in the right direction - Thin wall, large lumen

Question 35

Process of blood around body and heart

Answer 35

Deoxygenated blood from vena cava to right atrium Right Atrium pushes blood into Right Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium Right Ventricle push blood through Pulmonary Artery to be Oxygenated at the Lungs through the Semilunar Valve Semilunar Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Artery to Ventricle Pulmonary Vein carries Oxygenated blood from Lungs to the Left Atrium Left Atrium pushes blood into Left Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium Left Ventricle will push Oxygenated blood through Aorta to body

Question 36

Draw and label circulatory system

Answer 36

labelled correctly

Question 37

How does adrenaline affect heart rate?

Answer 37

- During times of fear or stress adrenaline is produced by adrenal glands and secreted into blood stream - Liver cells convert Glycogen into Glucose to increase blood glucose levels - breathing and heart rate increases to increase blood flow - the increase in breathing and heart rate allows more Glucose and Oxygen to be transported in the bloodstream to respiring cells for 'fight or flight' response to occur