SAFOLO — 2h.2 — Transport in Humans Flashcards
Red blood cells?
Transports Oxygen in Haemoglobin of cell from Lungs to respiring cells for aerobic respiration
Take up 45% of the blood
White blood cells?
Composed of two types of cells - Phagocytes that engulf and digest pathogens, and Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to deactivate antigens of Bacteria
Platelets?
Form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They release chemicals to make a blood clot when we cut ourselves.
Plasma?
(made up of water so can carry many substances) Medium of transport that carries Carbon Dioxide, digested food, Urea, Hormones and Heat
How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?
Shape: biconcave (doughnut) shaped — increase surface area
Structures: No nucleus — more room to pack the cell full of haemoglobin.
Contains haemoglobin — chemical that bonds to O2. It’s a protein molecule and it contains iron.
Phagocytes
A non-specific white blood cell that protects the body by engulfing and digesting any harmful foreign particles or pathogens
Lymphocytes
A specific white blood cell that creates antibodies specific to a particular pathogen
How does a phagocyte fight diseases?
Phagocyte detects pathogen. Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen. Enzymes break down the pathogen
How does a lymphocyte fight diseases?
Antigen recognises specific pathogens. Lymphocyte produce antibodies and they destroy the pathogen
Diseases caused by bacteria?
Pneumonia, salmonella (food poisoning)
Diseases caused by a virus?
HIV, chickenpox, influenza, tobacco mosiac
Diseases caused by a protoctista?
Malaria (caused by plasmodium)
Diseases caused by fungi?
Ringworm, athlete’s foot
Physical defences against diseases
Skin
Mucus membranes
Hairs — eyelashes, nose, eyebrows.
Sneezing, crying, vomiting
Platelets
Tears
Saliva
Chemical defences against diseases
Mucus membranes
Stomach acid — ph2, destroys bacteria entering the stomach
Platelets
Tears — chemicals lysozyme enzyme that can break down bacteria cells
Saliva - enzymes
Lungs?
Pulmonary
Liver?
Hepatic
Kidney?
Renal
Arteries/aorta?
away
Veins/vena cava?
towards
Valves?
Prevents backflow of blood
Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava (body)
Left ventricle?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through aorta
Right ventricle?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery
Left atrium?
Receives oxygenate blood from the pulmonary vein
Septum?
Prevents the oxygenated (left) and the deoxygenated (right) from mixing.
What is coronary heart disease?
When there is a build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary artery the blood supply to some of the heart muscle can get cut off.
When heart muscles get cut off (CHD) what happens to the coronary arteries
They can get clogged because they are very narrow
main factors that can lead to the development of CHD
Smoking
Diet
Age
Heredity (genetic)
Stress and high blood pressure
How can CHD be fatal?
If the artery can get clogged up and that part of the heart will stop, leading to a heart attack.
How does heart rate change during exercise?
- More energy is needed via respiration to allow muscle contractions
- Heart rate increases to allow more oxygen transport in blood
- When energy demand exceeds oxygen intake, energy can be produced via anaerobic respiration and will produce lactic acid
- After exercise, heart rate will continue to increase since oxygen debt means more oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid
- Function of capillaries.
- Pressure of blood.
- Type of blood carried
- Valves?
- Thin or thick?
- Deliver O2 but also pick up CO2 through organs
- Low
- Capillaries carrying blood to organs have oxygenated.
Away from organs have deoxygenated - None
- Very thin
- Function of arteries.
- Pressure of blood.
- Type of blood carried
- Valves?
- Thin or thick?
- Carry blood away from the heart.
- High
- Most carry oxygenated except the pulmonary and umbilical which carry deoxygenated
- None
- Thick wall and thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen
- Function of veins.
- Pressure of blood.
- Type of blood carried
- Valves?
- Thin or thick?
- Veins carry blood toward the heart.
- Very low
- Return deoxygenated blood from organs back to heart.
- Valves keep blood flowing in the right direction
- Thin wall, large lumen
Process of blood around body and heart
Deoxygenated blood from vena cava to right atrium
Right Atrium pushes blood into Right Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve
Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium
Right Ventricle push blood through Pulmonary Artery to be Oxygenated at the Lungs through the Semilunar Valve
Semilunar Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Artery to Ventricle
Pulmonary Vein carries Oxygenated blood from Lungs to the Left Atrium
Left Atrium pushes blood into Left Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve
Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium
Left Ventricle will push Oxygenated blood through Aorta to body
Draw and label circulatory system
labelled correctly
How does adrenaline affect heart rate?
- During times of fear or stress adrenaline is produced by adrenal glands and secreted into blood stream
- Liver cells convert Glycogen into Glucose to increase blood glucose levels
- breathing and heart rate increases to increase blood flow
- the increase in breathing and heart rate allows more Glucose and Oxygen to be transported in the bloodstream to respiring cells for ‘fight or flight’ response to occur
