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Biology > SAFOLO — 2h.2 — Transport in Humans > Flashcards

SAFOLO — 2h.2 — Transport in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Red blood cells?

A

Transports Oxygen in Haemoglobin of cell from Lungs to respiring cells for aerobic respiration
Take up 45% of the blood

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2
Q

White blood cells?

A

Composed of two types of cells - Phagocytes that engulf and digest pathogens, and Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to deactivate antigens of Bacteria

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3
Q

Platelets?

A

Form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They release chemicals to make a blood clot when we cut ourselves.

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4
Q

Plasma?

A

(made up of water so can carry many substances) Medium of transport that carries Carbon Dioxide, digested food, Urea, Hormones and Heat

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5
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A

Shape: biconcave (doughnut) shaped — increase surface area
Structures: No nucleus — more room to pack the cell full of haemoglobin.
Contains haemoglobin — chemical that bonds to O2. It’s a protein molecule and it contains iron.

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6
Q

Phagocytes

A

A non-specific white blood cell that protects the body by engulfing and digesting any harmful foreign particles or pathogens

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7
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A specific white blood cell that creates antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

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8
Q

How does a phagocyte fight diseases?

A

Phagocyte detects pathogen. Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen. Enzymes break down the pathogen

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9
Q

How does a lymphocyte fight diseases?

A

Antigen recognises specific pathogens. Lymphocyte produce antibodies and they destroy the pathogen

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10
Q

Diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Pneumonia, salmonella (food poisoning)

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11
Q

Diseases caused by a virus?

A

HIV, chickenpox, influenza, tobacco mosiac

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12
Q

Diseases caused by a protoctista?

A

Malaria (caused by plasmodium)

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13
Q

Diseases caused by fungi?

A

Ringworm, athlete’s foot

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14
Q

Physical defences against diseases

A

Skin
Mucus membranes
Hairs — eyelashes, nose, eyebrows.
Sneezing, crying, vomiting
Platelets
Tears
Saliva

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15
Q

Chemical defences against diseases

A

Mucus membranes
Stomach acid — ph2, destroys bacteria entering the stomach
Platelets
Tears — chemicals lysozyme enzyme that can break down bacteria cells
Saliva - enzymes

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16
Q

Lungs?

A

Pulmonary

17
Q

Liver?

A

Hepatic

18
Q

Kidney?

A

Renal

19
Q

Arteries/aorta?

A

away

20
Q

Veins/vena cava?

A

towards

21
Q

Valves?

A

Prevents backflow of blood

22
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava (body)

23
Q

Left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through aorta

24
Q

Right ventricle?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery

25
Q

Left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenate blood from the pulmonary vein

26
Q

Septum?

A

Prevents the oxygenated (left) and the deoxygenated (right) from mixing.

27
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When there is a build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary artery the blood supply to some of the heart muscle can get cut off.

28
Q

When heart muscles get cut off (CHD) what happens to the coronary arteries

A

They can get clogged because they are very narrow

29
Q

main factors that can lead to the development of CHD

A

Smoking
Diet
Age
Heredity (genetic)
Stress and high blood pressure

30
Q

How can CHD be fatal?

A

If the artery can get clogged up and that part of the heart will stop, leading to a heart attack.

31
Q

How does heart rate change during exercise?

A
  • More energy is needed via respiration to allow muscle contractions
  • Heart rate increases to allow more oxygen transport in blood
  • When energy demand exceeds oxygen intake, energy can be produced via anaerobic respiration and will produce lactic acid
  • After exercise, heart rate will continue to increase since oxygen debt means more oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid
32
Q
  • Function of capillaries.
  • Pressure of blood.
  • Type of blood carried
  • Valves?
  • Thin or thick?
A
  • Deliver O2 but also pick up CO2 through organs
  • Low
  • Capillaries carrying blood to organs have oxygenated.
    Away from organs have deoxygenated
  • None
  • Very thin
33
Q
  • Function of arteries.
  • Pressure of blood.
  • Type of blood carried
  • Valves?
  • Thin or thick?
A
  • Carry blood away from the heart.
  • High
  • Most carry oxygenated except the pulmonary and umbilical which carry deoxygenated
  • None
  • Thick wall and thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen
34
Q
  • Function of veins.
  • Pressure of blood.
  • Type of blood carried
  • Valves?
  • Thin or thick?
A
  • Veins carry blood toward the heart.
  •  Very low
  •  Return deoxygenated blood from organs back to heart.
  • Valves keep blood flowing in the right direction
  • Thin wall, large lumen
35
Q

Process of blood around body and heart

A

Deoxygenated blood from vena cava to right atrium
Right Atrium pushes blood into Right Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve
Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium
Right Ventricle push blood through Pulmonary Artery to be Oxygenated at the Lungs through the Semilunar Valve
Semilunar Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Artery to Ventricle
Pulmonary Vein carries Oxygenated blood from Lungs to the Left Atrium
Left Atrium pushes blood into Left Ventricle through Atrioventricular Valve
Atrioventricular Valve closes to prevent backflow of blood from Ventricle to Atrium
Left Ventricle will push Oxygenated blood through Aorta to body

36
Q

Draw and label circulatory system

A

labelled correctly

37
Q

How does adrenaline affect heart rate?

A
  • During times of fear or stress adrenaline is produced by adrenal glands and secreted into blood stream
  • Liver cells convert Glycogen into Glucose to increase blood glucose levels
  • breathing and heart rate increases to increase blood flow
  • the increase in breathing and heart rate allows more Glucose and Oxygen to be transported in the bloodstream to respiring cells for ‘fight or flight’ response to occur

Biology (18 decks)

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