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Biology 1/2 > SAC 2 > Flashcards

SAC 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the vascular tissues in plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

Xylem transports water and minerals from the root and pholem transports

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2
Q

What are the organs in vascular plants?

A

Flowers,stems,leaves,roots and fruits

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3
Q

What does Xylem consist of?

A

Vessel elements and tracheids

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4
Q

Talk about:

Xylem vessel

A

Water-filled tube consisting dead elongated cells joined end to end.They have perforationas and pits on the sides of the tube for water to flow.
.No nucleus or cytoplasm

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5
Q

Talk about:

Trachieds

A

Are long,tapering water filled specialised cells, unlike vessels they are not connected end to end, instead overlap with pits.

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6
Q

Talk about Phloem

Phloem

A

Transports sugars(site) to the site of use or storage(stems or roots)
.Alive.

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7
Q

What are the leaf’s layers?

A

.Upper epidermis(covered by cuticle)
.Mesophyll cells(Site of photosynthesis)
.Lower epidermis(at the bottom consist stomatas regulating gas exchange)

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8
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of cellulose anaerobically in chambers

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9
Q

Diffrence between hindgut fermenters and Foregut?

A

In Hindgut, fermentation occurs in the caecum which is after the stomach.
In foregut, fermetation occurs in rumen before the stomach.

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10
Q

What is signal Transduction?

A

The process involved of a cell detecting and responding to a signalling molecule(hormone eg)

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11
Q

What is the function of the excretory system?

A

Is to remove waste substances, like carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes from damaging cells.The main excertory is kidneys excreting nitrogenous wastes in urine

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12
Q

How are nitrogenous wastes formed

A

Protien breakdown

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13
Q

How does the liver produce waste for excretory?

A

Liver breaks down amino acids to realease ammonia which converts to urea. This is then moved to the blood stream to the kidneys.

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14
Q

explain adh and its purpose

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone is screted from the pituatary gland increases the permiability of the collecting duct in the nephrons (kidney) to allow increase of reabsorption of water.

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15
Q

What detects blood glucose level change?

A

Receptors from the pancreas, blood glucose should be around 3.5-8mmol/L

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16
Q

What is in the islets of Langerhan

A

The two main cells are alpha cells and beta cells. Alpha releases glucagon which increases blood glucose levels and beta releases insulin, reducing glucose by storing in liver

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17
Q

What is it and when does it form

Type 1 Diabetes

A

An autoimmune disease where at a young age immune system destroys beta cells in pancreas by accident. This creates build up of glucose, insulin injections help with this.(Hyperglycemia)

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18
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

When your cells do not respond to insulin. Causing high blood sugar levels and developed later in life. This is prevented by low diet and exercise.(Hypoglycemia)

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19
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The maintenence of balance between water and solute concentrations

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20
Q

What monitors water/solute concentration?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and barorecptors in heart.

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21
Q

HYPERthyroidism and HYPOthyroidism

A

A condition which excess amounts of hormones t3 and t4 is secreted.
And hypo is the producing t3 and t4 less than needed

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22
Q

Causes of HYPERthyroidism

A

Graves disease, and antibody made unknownly, mimicking TSH called Thryoid stimulation immungloubin. Making more t3 and t4 needed.

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23
Q

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss, brittle hair, rapid heart rate, goitre on neck

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24
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenence of a stable internal enviroment within an organism.

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25
Q

What two systems are importnt for homeostasis

A

The endocrine system and Nervous system.

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26
Q

What are negative feedback loops and what is in it?

A

They promote stability in internal enviorment be responding to changes. There is the STIMULUS then RECEPTOR then CONTROL CENTER(hypo for eg) then EFFECTOR(responds and orignal state restored)

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27
Q

The positive feed back loops

A

Forces body out of homeostasis by increasing stimulus for example giving birth until out.

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28
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

The maintenence of core body tempreture

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29
Q

Heat loss ways?

A

Conduction- Through direct contact from hot to cold objects
Convection- occurs through the movement of liquid or gas. Wind helps move air away from your body by convection.
Radiation-Occurs without contact to matter
Evaporation-Heat loss by body surface water evaporation.

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30
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Specialised cell->Tissue->Organ->System

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31
Q

What is the disadvantage of non vascular plants?

A

Not having vascular tissue limits their size and structural support.

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32
Q

What two systems are in vascular plants?

A

The root system(used to absorb water and nutrients)
and shoot system(laves, stems and reporoductive parts like fruits and flowers)

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33
Q

What does stomata do?

A

Regulates gas exhange through diffusion using two guard cells that open and close by water pressure

They are commonly found under the leaf

34
Q

What is the loss of water through leaves called

A

Transpiration

35
Q

How is water and minerals absorbed in the roots?

A

Water is done by osmosis so passive, and root hair cells take up minerals by active or by diffusion.

36
Q

What is in phloem

A

Consists of sieve cells and companion cells. Companion cells actively move sucrose and amino acids from the source into the sieve cells.

37
Q

Which one of the both xylem and Pholem in Bidirectional?

A

Pholem

38
Q

What is the purpose of transpiration?

A

Cools the plants,transports minerals and water for photosyntheis

39
Q

What affects the rate of transpirtation?

A

The light intensity
The humidity
The tempreture
The air(Wind)

40
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movemnt of organic solutes( basically the phlolem sap leaf- roots)

41
Q

How does pholem sap move?

A

As sucrose enters the solute concentration is high so xylem water moves to pholem due to osmosis creating a hydrostatic pressure. The positive gradient moves the sap along the walls.

42
Q

What two ways does root absorption pathways?

A

Cytoplasmic pathway or cell wall pathway

43
Q

How does substances move through root cells?(Cytoplasm path)

A

Plasmodesmata channels

44
Q

What does the casparian strip do

A

Its waterproof layer forces water to move through cytoplasm, regulating what enters the xylem

45
Q

What do animals require in diet?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino acids and vitimans and minerals

46
Q

What is digestion?

A

Ingestion(Eating), Digestion(food breakdown chemical and physical)
Absorption(Blood absorp),egestion(food not absorbed as faceses)

47
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

Stomach or oseophagus very large to accomodate bacterial digestion

48
Q

What happens in Rumen

A

Cellulose is broken here using enxymes called cullulase made by microbes

49
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

Both colon and caecum located after the small intestine
Not absorbed properly

50
Q

Is digestion in canivores quicker than herbivores?

A

Yes, their gut has all enzymes needed and the digestive system is shorter and very small cecacum

51
Q

What does chemical digestion do?

A

The chemicals break down chemical bonds to make food souluble

52
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

The mouth undergoes physical and chemical digestion

53
Q

What do enzymes do and how do they wokr

A

Enzyme spped up chemical reactions, in the right PH level, the specific active site connects to substrate and break down or induce

54
Q

What happens when you breakdown carbohydrate

A

Amylase breaks it down the starch to maltose then broken tdown to glucose

55
Q

How many amino acid types are there in one protien chain?

A

20

56
Q

What enzyme breaks protiens

A

Proteases

57
Q

What breaks fats?

A

Lipidase break fats, between the glycerol phosphate and fatty acids.

58
Q

What is epiglottis?

A

Blocks fodd from going to trachea

59
Q

How does food move down digestive system

A

Muscular contractions cslled peristalsis

60
Q

What is stomach

A

Muscular bag with HCL that attacks microbes on food. The acid is perfect for pepsin

61
Q

What protects the lining of the stomach?

A

Mucus produced by the lining cells protects

62
Q

What consists the gastric juices

A

HCL, food, mucus and enzyme solution

63
Q

How is lining of small intestine protected by gastric juices?

A

Mucus and bile protects the lining

64
Q

What is neutralisation in small intestine

A

Bile ph and gastric ph meeting to neutralise, making it perfect for lipases to emulsify fats

65
Q

What is the purpose of large intestine?

A

Water and other electorlytes is absorbed to the blood and is left with waste

66
Q

What is the diffrence bwtween hormones and nervous impules

A

Hromones is slower but longer lasting

67
Q

What reporductive organes is found in females

A

Oestrogen and progestrone

68
Q

What reporductive organes is found in males

A

testes

69
Q

What specific hormones are secreted by pituary glands for emales

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
causes follicle in ovary to develop and secrete oestrogen

70
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

The collection centre, processing info like smell,pain,emotions

71
Q

What cell in hypothalamus produce realeasing hormones?

A

Neurosecretory Cells

72
Q

What system does rapid response

A

Nervos system

73
Q

What are the majort sense organs

A

chemoreceptors:sensitive to chemicals
mechanoreceptors:forces that make change in shape
Photoreceptors:Light eg vision
Thermorecptors: heat and cold exposure
Pain receptor-Harmful external

74
Q

What is a ectotherm

A

Animals that depend on their enviroment for body temp regulation

75
Q

What is endotherm

A

Animals who can regulate their own body tempreture through metabolic processes or physical process like fur

76
Q

What is your core body temp range

A

35 - 41.7

77
Q

Mechanaisms to prevent heat loss/gain

A

Vasoconstriction where contrict blood flow to sin to reduce area for heat loss, warming u up
Vasodilation increases blood flow to skin, increasing area for heat loss cooling u down.
Excreotry system

78
Q

How much filtrate is excreted?

A

180 L of filtrate passes through each day but only 2 L is excreted. 99% of water reabsorbed

79
Q

Meaning of metabolism

A

The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

80
Q

Purpose of t3 and t4 hormones

A

T3 and T4 increase the basal metabolic rate. They make all of cells in the body work harder, so the cells need more energy too.

Biology 1/2 (6 decks)

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