Reproduction

Question 1

What is Sexual Reproduction?

Answer 1

Involves the union of male and female cells to create a unique individual
Involving the fusion of two new cells called gametes, to produce a new cell called a Zygote.
2 haploid cells fertilise to to create a new diploid cell

Question 2

What is Asexual Reproduction?

And what organisms do it?

Answer 2

Production of offspring with one parent. Unicellular organisms like archea, bacteria,fungi,protist and plants reproduce this way.
Extra info: Asexual reproduction creates genetic clones of the original parent. No sex cells are involved therefore no variation

Question 3

What is the benifit of genetic diversity?

Answer 3

It provides greater adaptability and evolutionary potential

Question 4

What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

Answer 4

Multiple allele combination can develop harmful traits, these are less likely to survive and reproduce in the enviroment

Question 5

How is sexual reprodcution known as risky

Answer 5

Competition for potential mates can result in mating battles or attracting predators through mating calls.
It is also energetically costly to produce gamete cells and ensure fusion

Question 6

Does sexual reproduction always include two parents? Explain why/why not

Answer 6

Some plants and animals have both male and female reproductive systems, these species are called Hermaphrodites

Question 7

Give short list of Advantages/Disadvantages of Sexual Reprodcution

Answer 7

Avantages
1. Gentic variation
2. Gene pool
3. Resistance against diseases and predators
Disavantages
1. Energy consuming
2. Mate needed
3. Long pregancy
4. Small offspring numbers produced
5. Parental care

Question 8

Is it even possible to be both asexual and sexual?

Answer 8

Yes, organisms like Aphids, slime molds, sea anemones and some starfishes do. When the enviroemtn conditions are ideal they reporduce asexually but when food is scarce or conditions change they switch

Question 9

What are the types of Asexual Reproduction for multicellular and part uni?

Answer 9

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Vegetative reproduction
Parthenogenisis

Question 10

What is fission and give an example

Answer 10

Fission occurs in unicelluar organisms like bacteria and in some invertebra multicellular oganisms. It is the process of splitting the organism into two equal sized organism.
Bacteria does this in 30 minutes, whereas eukaryotes do this in 20 hours via mitosis and cytokenisis.
Eg. Sea anemoes

Question 11

What is budding and give an example

Answer 11

Budding is the unequal division, where a new individual is created from an outgrowth of the parent.
Eg. Hydra for multicelluar and Yeast for unicelluar

Question 12

What is fragmentation and give an example

Answer 12

The process where the body of an organism breaks into two or more fragments and then regenerates
Eg. Only multicellular like sea star

Question 13

What is spore formation?

Answer 13

Ocuring in fungi, Sometimes forming sexually but mostly through asexual is the process where a cluster of spores form in a sporangium supproted by hypea . Which will disperse by wind or water. (Via mitosis)

Question 14

What is parthenogenisis and give an example

Answer 14

It means virgin birth and only occurs in females. It is where an embryo is formed from a unfertilised ovaries, this is done by producing diploid egg cells within the body
Eg. Insects,fish,amphibians, reptiles

Question 15

When horticulturlists use fragmentation to artifically grow plant clones what three methods are there?

Answer 15

Grafting,cutting,and tissue culture

Question 16

When grafting the desired plant onto another stem what is it called as and give us the common uses?

Answer 16

Cultivator; for fruiting,flowering, or aesthetics

Question 17

What is a callus?

Answer 17

A callus is a tissue mass of cells orignally from a fragment of a parent plant

Question 18

What is tissue culture and what is it used for?

Answer 18

It is a cloning tequnique used to develop a large number of crops quickly artifically.

Question 19

Explain the process

Tissue culture

Answer 19

1. Fragments or cells from a parent plant is put in a culture medium that has nutrients and plant growth hormones.
2. This then grows to a tissue mass of cells called a ‘Callus’
3. The callus is then seperated and moved to another culture medium which rapidly creats clones
4. This is then planted to compost

Question 20

What are some disadvantages and advantages of tissue culture?

Brief

Answer 20

Advantages
Large number produced
Opportunity to grow favourable plants
New genes can be introduced

Disadvantages
All plants genetically identical(So vunerble)
Lack new variations
Some alleles can be irreversibly eliminated from the gene pool

Question 21

How does Embryo splitting work?

Answer 21

At very early stages of embryo development, eggs are fertilised in a petri dish and split, this is then placed in surrogate mothers

Question 22

Why is embryo splitting taken place in the 16 cell stage?

Answer 22

Because they are not yet differntiated therefore can pass on favourble traits

Question 23

What is nuclear transfer? Nah also yo tell me its side name bro

Answer 23

Nuclear transfer also known as Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) involves in transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell to a unfertilised embryo, this is then fused and transplanted into a surrogate mother.

Btw it creats a offspring identical to the somatic cell donor

Question 24

What are the issues of cloning in animals?

Brief overview

Answer 24

1. High failure rates
2. Less genetic diveristy, more vunerble to enviroment change and disease
3. Welfare for animals as they have health affects
4. They are genetically old at birth
5. Food security issues and cross contamination of cloned/non cloned
6. Food products and labbeling

Question 25

Even though asexual reproduction creates genetic clones why are not necessarily identical in appearance?

Answer 25

Enviromental conditons also affect their growth and development

Question 26

What is vegetative propogation

Answer 26

The growth of specialised plant tissues that form new plants when seperated from the parent plant.

Question 27

What is Rhizomes?

Answer 27

Underground stems that branch and give rise to new shoots and roots( grass, ginger, etc)

Question 28

What is Tubers?

Answer 28

Swollen underground stems with buds that grow into new plants, such as sweet potatos

Question 29

What are stolons?

Answer 29

They are like Rhizomes but they grow above ground horizontally. (Stawberry plants)

Question 30

Give short list of Advantages/Disadvantages of Asexual Reprodcution

Answer 30

Advantages
1. Efficent in reproducing
2. Less time and energy needed
3. In optimal envioments population sizes can increase rapidly
4. No need to find mate(Energy saved)
5. No unfavourble genetic traits
Disadvantages
1. Rapid growth can lead to overcrowding and competion for resources
2. Lack of genetic diversity- vunervble to change

Question 31

What is the difference between grafting and prodcuing cuttings in plants?

Answer 31

Cutting are produced by taking a part of a plant and growing it into a new plant. Grafting is where you take a part of a plant and attatch it to another plant(Root stock) where it will grow as a part of that plant

Question 32

What is a spore?

Answer 32

It is a unicellular, reproductive unit produced to disperse