Reproduction Flashcards
What is Sexual Reproduction?
Involves the union of male and female cells to create a unique individual
Involving the fusion of two new cells called gametes, to produce a new cell called a Zygote.
2 haploid cells fertilise to to create a new diploid cell
What is Asexual Reproduction?
And what organisms do it?
Production of offspring with one parent. Unicellular organisms like archea, bacteria,fungi,protist and plants reproduce this way.
Extra info: Asexual reproduction creates genetic clones of the original parent. No sex cells are involved therefore no variation
What is the benifit of genetic diversity?
It provides greater adaptability and evolutionary potential
What is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
Multiple allele combination can develop harmful traits, these are less likely to survive and reproduce in the enviroment
How is sexual reprodcution known as risky
Competition for potential mates can result in mating battles or attracting predators through mating calls.
It is also energetically costly to produce gamete cells and ensure fusion
Does sexual reproduction always include two parents? Explain why/why not
Some plants and animals have both male and female reproductive systems, these species are called Hermaphrodites
Give short list of Advantages/Disadvantages of Sexual Reprodcution
Avantages
1. Gentic variation
2. Gene pool
3. Resistance against diseases and predators
Disavantages
1. Energy consuming
2. Mate needed
3. Long pregancy
4. Small offspring numbers produced
5. Parental care
Is it even possible to be both asexual and sexual?
Yes, organisms like Aphids, slime molds, sea anemones and some starfishes do. When the enviroemtn conditions are ideal they reporduce asexually but when food is scarce or conditions change they switch
What are the types of Asexual Reproduction for multicellular and part uni?
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Vegetative reproduction
Parthenogenisis
What is fission and give an example
Fission occurs in unicelluar organisms like bacteria and in some invertebra multicellular oganisms. It is the process of splitting the organism into two equal sized organism.
Bacteria does this in 30 minutes, whereas eukaryotes do this in 20 hours via mitosis and cytokenisis.
Eg. Sea anemoes
What is budding and give an example
Budding is the unequal division, where a new individual is created from an outgrowth of the parent.
Eg. Hydra for multicelluar and Yeast for unicelluar
What is fragmentation and give an example
The process where the body of an organism breaks into two or more fragments and then regenerates
Eg. Only multicellular like sea star
What is spore formation?
Ocuring in fungi, Sometimes forming sexually but mostly through asexual is the process where a cluster of spores form in a sporangium supproted by hypea . Which will disperse by wind or water. (Via mitosis)
What is parthenogenisis and give an example
It means virgin birth and only occurs in females. It is where an embryo is formed from a unfertilised ovaries, this is done by producing diploid egg cells within the body
Eg. Insects,fish,amphibians, reptiles
When horticulturlists use fragmentation to artifically grow plant clones what three methods are there?
Grafting,cutting,and tissue culture
When grafting the desired plant onto another stem what is it called as and give us the common uses?
Cultivator; for fruiting,flowering, or aesthetics
What is a callus?
A callus is a tissue mass of cells orignally from a fragment of a parent plant
What is tissue culture and what is it used for?
It is a cloning tequnique used to develop a large number of crops quickly artifically.
Explain the process
Tissue culture
- Fragments or cells from a parent plant is put in a culture medium that has nutrients and plant growth hormones.
- This then grows to a tissue mass of cells called a ‘Callus’
- The callus is then seperated and moved to another culture medium which rapidly creats clones
- This is then planted to compost
What are some disadvantages and advantages of tissue culture?
Brief
Advantages
Large number produced
Opportunity to grow favourable plants
New genes can be introduced
Disadvantages
All plants genetically identical(So vunerble)
Lack new variations
Some alleles can be irreversibly eliminated from the gene pool
How does Embryo splitting work?
At very early stages of embryo development, eggs are fertilised in a petri dish and split, this is then placed in surrogate mothers
Why is embryo splitting taken place in the 16 cell stage?
Because they are not yet differntiated therefore can pass on favourble traits
What is nuclear transfer? Nah also yo tell me its side name bro
Nuclear transfer also known as Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) involves in transferring the nucleus from a somatic cell to a unfertilised embryo, this is then fused and transplanted into a surrogate mother.
Btw it creats a offspring identical to the somatic cell donor
What are the issues of cloning in animals?
Brief overview
- High failure rates
- Less genetic diveristy, more vunerble to enviroment change and disease
- Welfare for animals as they have health affects
- They are genetically old at birth
- Food security issues and cross contamination of cloned/non cloned
- Food products and labbeling
