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Biology 1/2 > Adaptations > Flashcards

Adaptations Flashcards

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1
Q

Yes/No

Does hydrophytes have lignin in the vascular tissue?

A

No

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2
Q

Yes/no

Do hydrohytes need structural support?

A

No

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3
Q

Yes/no

Do mangroves have a natural resistence to salt?

A

No

They store salt in their cell vacuoles, reversing osmotic gradient and maintains the transpiration stream

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4
Q

yes/no

Is seed disperal counted as keystone species thing

A

yes

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5
Q

What are some extreme biotic and abiotic factors that can impact an enviorment?

A
  1. Extreme temp
  2. Salinity
  3. Wind
  4. nutrient
  5. rainfall/drought
  6. solar radiation
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6
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

**Adaptations are charactersitcs or features which have been inherited to an organism that help it survive and reproduce within its enviroment **

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7
Q

What is a structural adaptation

Give an example too cuh

A

Structural adaptation are the physical features of an organism
Eg. The beak of hummingbird used to extract pollen

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8
Q

What is a physiological adaptation

Example too cuh

A

The way in which an organisms body functions
Eg. Snake producing toxin for prey

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9
Q

What is a behaviroual adaptation

Example too cuh

E

A

The way in which an organism acts or behaves to survive
Eg. Hibernating during winter period

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10
Q

Why do cacti have spikes?

A

One to protect from predators and cause it reduces surface area, which reduce water loss through transpiration

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11
Q

What does thick fur and blubber be useful as to an animal adaptation?

A

Insulate against cold tempreatures

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12
Q

What does large ears or small ears help as an adaptation?

A

To increase heat loss and to reduce heat loss

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13
Q

An organisms overall shape and also its SA:V Ratio can affect its ability to regulate temperature. Yes or no?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What size of animal and amount of SA:V would lose lots of heat?

A

Small animals with large SA:V

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15
Q

What size of animal and amount of SA:V would lose small amount of heat?

A

Large animals with low SA:V

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16
Q

What are some behaviroul adaptations that animals use to stay cool

A

Evaportative cooling
1. Wallowing(Sitting in mud)
1. Licking limbs
1. Gaping
1. Seeking shade
1. Urohydrosis(Shitting and urinating on scaly legs)
1. Gular fluttering(Exposing oesophagous and pharynx to cool air)

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17
Q

Yes or no?

The prodcution of concentrated urine does not conserve water

A

No it does

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18
Q

What does colour changing be useful as a physiological adaptation?

A

It is good for camoflaugue and thermoregulation

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19
Q

Yes/no

Is shivering from humans a physiological adaptation

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is counter current exhange?

A

When two adjacent blood vessels flow in opposite directions alongside each other allowing for the transfer of heat from warmer to cooler fluid, or vice versa.

.For example the oryx cools the hot artiel blood by mixing with the cool vien before entering vein.

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21
Q

What is a tophor?

A

Tophor involves the change to metabolic rate of an organism to cope with harsh enviromental change or for food scarcity. The body tempreture decreases drops to a state where the organism becomes inactive or dormant.

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22
Q

What is ‘long term tophor’ named as?

A

Hibernation

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23
Q

What does hibernation do to a body?

A

Reduces metabolism, Reduces O2 requiremnts, Reduces Heart rate, Reduces respiration

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24
Q

What do salt water animals do due to them constantly drinking water and salts?

A

They remove excess salts and conserve water by excreting small amounts of concentrated urine(hypertonic)

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25
Q

What to fresh water animals do due to rarely drinking water?

A

To conserve salts, they excrete large amounts of diluted urine( Hypotonic)

26
Q

What are some extra aquatic adaptations?

A
  1. Streamlined body shape to swim faster
  2. Blubber of fat to help stay buoyant and keep heat
  3. Modified limbs like fins or flippers for water movement
  4. Gills and blow holes for breathing in water
  5. Skin to absorb dissolved oxygen
27
Q

How is bioluminescene as physiological adaption used?

A

To attract mates, scare predators or lure prey

28
Q

Why is nocturnal behaviour benifical in hot/arid enviroments?

A

Cooler air for organism to live in

29
Q

What is a mesophyte

A

Plant that can survive moderate enviroments neither too dry or wet conditions.

30
Q

What is a hydrophyte?

A

Plants that live either fully or paritally in water

31
Q

What are limiting factors for a hydrophyte?

A

O2 level and light energy

32
Q

What are some adaptations to water enviorment as a plant?

A
  1. Flat leaves with few stomata and thin cuticle
  2. emergent roots that protrude bove the water
  3. Roots underwater with leaves above and have air-filled spaces to circulate oxygen
  4. Floting leaves with stomata on upper surface
33
Q

What is arid enviorment adapted plant called?

A

Xerophytes

34
Q

What are the two types of xerophytes?

A

Fleshy succulents(Thick stem) and Sclerophylls(Hard leaves)

35
Q

Xerophyte adaptations? and why?

Not finished

A

Thick cuticle
Hairs covering the leaves
Sunken stomata and fewer stomata (Wind)
Reduced leaf size
Leaves face away from the sun (Eucalyptus)
These adaptations Reduce Water Loss and regulate Temperature

36
Q

What is CAM ( Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)?

A

It is the physiological adaptation where plants living in hot and arid conditions open their stomata only at night. At night C02 is taken in as Malic Acid, during the day it is transported to the chloroplasts and photosynthesis takes place.

This reduces water loss as water is not lost during the day

37
Q

What are some plant adaptations to fire?

A

Lignotubers: Swelling at the base of stem or trunk to allow regenration
Epicormic buds: Bud tissue that lies beneath the bark of some plants that forms new shoots to grow after the fire

38
Q

What are some frost tolerance adaptations in plants?

A
  1. Some plants store high concentrations of sugars and/or salts in their leaves to lower the freezing point of water
  2. Produces ‘Anti-freeze’ protiens that inhibit the growth of ice crystals within the plant
  3. Change lipid composotion of their plasma membrane to optimise functionality in cold temp
39
Q

What are the two types of movement a plant can do?

A

Nastic movement and Tropisms

40
Q

How are plants able to move to respond with enviorment?

A

Controlled by hormones or turgor pressure within the plant

41
Q

What is Nastic Movement?

A

Nastic movement involves plant tissues moving in response to an environmental stimulus, but not necessarily in the direction of that stimulus.

42
Q

What is Thigmonesty

A

Movement in response to touch

43
Q

What is Photonasty

A

Movement because of high light intesity change

44
Q

What is Thermonasty

A

Movement due to temp change

45
Q

What is Trophism?

A

Trophism refers to the growth of a plant in response to an enviormental stimulus

46
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

Response to light

47
Q

Geotropism

A

Response to gravity

48
Q

*

Thigmotropism

A

Response to touch

49
Q

Hydrotropism

A

Response to water

50
Q

Chemotropism

A

Growth to chemicals

51
Q

What does salts do to a plant to negatively affect it?

A

Disrupts the uptake of nutrients and water by the roots, when it enters cells it upsets the ion balance and metabolic processes

52
Q

What are HaloPhytes

A

Plants that can cope with high levels of salt

53
Q

How do Halophytes adapt to salt levels?

A
  1. Shedding leaves with a high salt content
  2. Excreting salt through salt glands
  3. Pumping salts out of roots
  4. Dilution strategy( Increasing water uptake)
  5. Storage of salts within specialised tissue
54
Q

Mangroves must cope with wide range of harsh enviormental factors, list some.

A

High salt, low O2 and roots covered underwater

55
Q

What are pneumatophores and how does mangroves use it for enviromental factors?

A

They are aerial roots that stick out, these increase uptake of O2 and decrease of salt uptake

56
Q

What is Viviparity

A

The seeds float and germinate while still attached to the plant, as they get developed and reach the water, they will have a well developed root system and anchor to mud

57
Q

What is postitive and Negative tropism?

A

Positive: Grow towards stimilus
Negative: Grow away from stimulus

58
Q

How does stomatal hairs help a cacti

A

Covers leaves creating a humid microclimate that helps reduce transpiration

59
Q

How is a thich waxy cuticle helpful to Xerophytes?

A

act to retain water to prevent water loss

60
Q

Suken stomata, tell me about it

A

Creates humid microclimate around the stomata and minimise water loss

61
Q

How does Rolled leaves help xerophytes

A

Maintains humid air around the stomata

62
Q

Is tophor a behaviroul or physiological adaptation?

A

Both

Biology 1/2 (6 decks)

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