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SA disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of pathogen is bordatella bronchiseptica and how is it virulent?

A
  • G -ve rod
  • aerobe
  • oxidase positive
  • ciliastatic
  • adheres to cilia by filamentous haemaglutinin
  • tracheal cytotoxin
  • dermonectrotic toxin
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2
Q

where is bordatella bronchisseptica normally found?

A

URT

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3
Q

what is the pathology of bordatella?

A
  • causes tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
  • adheres to cilia - releases toxins - irritation and coughing - ep necrosis
  • peribronchial infl and interstitial pneumonia
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4
Q

what species does pasteurella multocida infect?

A

cat
dog
rabbit

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5
Q

what type of pathogen is pasteurella?

A

G-ve rod

oxidase positive

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6
Q

how does pasteurella differ between species?

A

in dogs its an oral commensal so common in bite wounds

in rabbits its enzoonotic

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7
Q

what does pasteurella multocida cause in dogs and cats?

A

suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis

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8
Q

what causes rabbit snuffles?

A

pasteurella multocida

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9
Q

what are the signs of rabbit snuffles and where does the pathogen colonise?

A
  • chronic nasal discharge and sneezing
  • ocular discharge
  • crusty nose
  • colonise everywhere with cilia - resp tract, middle ear, genitalia, lungs
  • pulmonary abscesses
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10
Q

can you vaccinate against pasteurella multocida?

A

no

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11
Q

how do you treat rabbit snuffles?

A

12 w abx therapy - fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

where is strep zooepidemicus and strep canis found?

A

URT

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13
Q

what type of pathogen is strep? and how is it virulent?

A 
G+ve
chains
b haemolytic
M protein to stop complement
toxins to destroy leucocytes
capsule so seen as self
super Ag
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14
Q

what does actinomyces viscosus cause?

A

granulomatous thoracic infection

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15
Q

where is actinomyces normally found?

A

oral cavity

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16
Q

what type of pathogen is actinomyces?

A

G+ve
filamentous
long branching rod
aerobic

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17
Q

what type of pathogen is norcardia asteroildes?

A

G+ve rod

short filaments

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18
Q

how is norcardia pathogenic?

A

grows in and destroys macrophages

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19
Q

Where is norcardia normally found?

A

soil

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20
Q

what does norcardia cause?

A
  • chronic, progressive, suppurating thoracic granulomas
  • red/brown (strawberry milkshake) exudate
  • adhesions
  • sulphur granules
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21
Q

what abx can be used to treat norcardia?

A

TMP
tetracyclines
ampicillin

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22
Q

what is chlamydophila felis?

A

intracellular G-ve rod

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23
Q

what does chlamydophila felis cause?

A

cat conjunctivitis
nasal discharge
interstitial bronchopneumonia

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24
Q

how do you diagnose chlamydophila felis?

A

ELISA
PCR
kosters / fluorescin labelled Ab

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25
what mycoses can cause resp disease?
Aspergillus fumigatus
26
how do you diagnose aspergillus?
``` grocott stain (appear black) PAS ```
27
what does aspergillus do?
progressively destroys nasal turbinates by chronic granulomatous inflammation -yellow/green exudate
28
how do you diagnose aspergillus?
``` rads endoscopy serology culture microscopy ```
29
What are the other names for kennel cough?
infectious canine tracheobronchitis | canine infectious respiratory disease complex
30
what are the clinical signs of kennel cough?
- cough (dry or productive) - retching - nasal and ocular discharge - sneezing - depression - pyrexia - inappetance - bronchopneumonia
31
when is kennel cough more common?
in dogs housed together
32
how is kennel cough transmitted?
aerosol
33
How can kennel cough be diagnosed?
culture and sensitivity if bacteria isolation / PCR /paired serology if viral trachea-bronchial wash or deep pharyngeal swab
34
How can you treat kennel cough?
- most should recover in 1-3 wks without treatment - abx if indicated - cough supressants - bronchodilators - mucolytics - supportive fluids - isolate and disinfect
35
what pathogens can contribute to kennel cough?
``` bordatella bronchiseptica canine parainfluenza virus canine adenovirus 2 canine herpesvirus canine respiratory coronavirus mycoplasmas ```
36
how is bordatella bronchiseptica virulent?
attaches to cilia in URT and releases ciliostatic toxins
37
What pathogen is linked to fading puppy syndrome?
canine herpesvirus | -worse in puppies as cant thermoregulate
38
what is seen at PM with canine herpesvirus?
red foci of necrosis on kidney, liver, lung
39
What does canine respiratory coronavirus replicate?
in tracheal ep and goblet cells
40
What components of kennel cough can be vax against?
-bordatella canine parainfluenze canine adenovirus canine herpesvirus (vax dam -- pup)
41
What signs are seen with canine distemper virus?
``` death broncho-interstitial pneumonia immunosuppression nasal and ocular discharge cough diarrhoea vomiting depression anorexia CNS signs hyperkeratosis enamel hypoplasia of baby teeth ```
42
what is the pathogenesis of distemper virus?
enters resp tract - infects tonsils and LN - infects macrophages - viraemia and systemic dissemination - infects all ep cells of all body systems - shed in all body fluids
43
what is unique to canine distemper on microscopy?
has intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies | only virus to have both
44
what are the signs of canine influenza virus?
fever cough haemorrhagic pneumonia
45
how is canine influenza spread?
close contact - esp greyhound race tracks - more in USA
46
what are the clinical signs of strep equi subsp zooepidemicus?
pyrexia haemorrhagic nasal discharge sudden death sero-haemorrhagic and fibrino-suppurative bronchopneumonia
47
Who can strep equi subsp zooepidemicus infect?
horses dogs zoontic
48
What can cause an acute cough?
tracheobronchitis (KC) foreign body paraquat poisoning airway trauma / irritation/pulmonary haemorrhage/ acute pneumonia/acute oedema
49
what contains the toxin paraquat?
weedkiller
50
what are the diagnostic features of paraquat poisoning?
- progressive resp signs | - interstitial pattern on rad
51
What is the prognosis for paraquat poisoning?
very poor
52
What can cause a chronic cough?
``` chronic bronchitis parasitic pneumonia tracheal collapse neoplasia eosinophilic disease pulmonary fibrosis feline allergic airway disease (asthma) LSHF unresolved FB ```
53
What are the signs of chronic bronchitis?
dry hacking cough exacerbated by excitement / exercise sinus arrhythmia wheeze
54
what dogs are most at risk of getting chronic bronchitis?
small old overweight
55
what is the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis?
chronic irritation and inflammation to bronchial mucosa -- increased mucous secretion -- compromised defence -- narrowed airways and compromised airflow
56
how can you diagnose chronic bronchitis?
Rad - bronchiectasis, bronchial pattern Endoscopy Tracheobronchial wash - infl and resp ep cells
57
How can you manage chronic bronchitis?
- clean atmosphere - humidify the air - loose weight - limited but regular exercise - avoid choke chain - bronchodilators - expectorants and mucolytics - anti-tussives if cough compromising QoL - steroids to reduce infl
58
What can lead to tracheal collapse?
abnormal flexibility of the tracheal rings and stretching of the dorsal ligament of the trachea causing loss of normal rigid cylinder
59
what breeds are more likely to get tracheal collapse?
small - yorkshire terrier - mini poodle
60
How can you differentiate between cervical and thoracic tracheal collapse?
cervical - on inspiration | thoracic - on expiration
61
what kind of cough do you get with tracheal collapse?
chronic | quacking cough
62
how can you diagnose tracheal collapse?
endoscopy | rad
63
What is eosinophilic disease?
- get eosinophilic bronchitis - presumed to be immune mediated in dogs - no evidence of parasitic involvement
64
How do you control eosinophilic disease?
immunosuppression with high dose corticosteroids
65
How can you diagnose pulmonary fibrosis?
progressive cough and dyspnoea crackles interstitial markings on rad / CT
66
what is the pathogenesis of feline allergic airway disease?
unknown allergen Ag - airway infl - excess mucous - oedema, cough, bronchoconstriction -expiratory wheexing
67
how can you diagnose feline allergic airway disease?
blood - eosinophilia rad - bronchial pattern with lung hyperinflation tracheobronchial wash - eosinophils
68
how can you manage an acute episode of feline allergic airway disease?
oxygen reduce stress IV corticosteroids IV bronchodilators
69
how can you long term manage feline allergic airway disease?
corticosteroid bronchodilarors cyproheptadine (antihistamine and anti-serotonin)
70
What are some pathogens that can cause infectious feline respiratory disease (cat flu)?
feline herpesvirus 1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis) feline calicivirus chlamydophila felis bordatella bronchiseptica
71
what are the clinical signs of infectious feline resp disease?
``` ocular signs tracheitis laryngitis rhinitis lameness and systemic disease with calicivirus ```
72
Why is serology testing not useful for cat flu?
due to widespread vaccination
73
What is the treatment for infectious feline resp disease?
supportive care only hospitalise when critical fluid therapy broad spec abx
74
What pathogens of cat flu can you vac against?
herpesvirus | calicivirus
75
how can cat flu be spread?
shedding animals fomites persistent carriers
76
What are the 4 categories of dyspnoea?
obstruction loss of thoracic capacity pulmonary parenchymal disease other - metabolic / vascular etc
77
What does increased inspiratory noise indicate about the location of an obstruction?
URT
78
what does increased expiratory effort indicate about the location of an obstruction?
intrathoracic airway
79
What can cause airway obstruction?
``` nasal FB / rhinitis / polyp neoplasia trauma FB laryngeal paralysis brachycephalic obstructive airway disease tracheal/bronchial collapse filaroides asthma ```
80
What causes of dyspnoea would cause a eosinophilic inflammation?
asthma pulmonary infiltrate parasitism
81
what causes of dyspnoea would cause a neutrophilic inflammation?
pneumonia
82
what can cause a loss of thoracic capacity?
``` pleural effusion pneumothorax neoplasia ruptured diaphragm cranial abdo disease gross cardiomegaly peritoneo-pericardio diaphrgamatic hernia ```
83
What are some causes of pulmonary parenchymal disease?
``` pulmonary oedema neoplasia pulmonary haemorrhage bronchopnuemonia paraquat poisoning idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis LRT parasites feline asthma ```
84
what are some other causes of dyspnoea?
``` hyperthermia obesity pulmonary thromboembolism excitement/exercise anaemia acidosis CNS disease endocrine disease neuromuscular disease ```

Year 3 respiratory (11 decks)

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