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Year 3 respiratory > SA disease > Flashcards

SA disease Flashcards

1
Q

What type of pathogen is bordatella bronchiseptica and how is it virulent?

A
  • G -ve rod
  • aerobe
  • oxidase positive
  • ciliastatic
  • adheres to cilia by filamentous haemaglutinin
  • tracheal cytotoxin
  • dermonectrotic toxin
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2
Q

where is bordatella bronchisseptica normally found?

A

URT

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3
Q

what is the pathology of bordatella?

A
  • causes tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
  • adheres to cilia - releases toxins - irritation and coughing - ep necrosis
  • peribronchial infl and interstitial pneumonia
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4
Q

what species does pasteurella multocida infect?

A

cat
dog
rabbit

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5
Q

what type of pathogen is pasteurella?

A

G-ve rod

oxidase positive

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6
Q

how does pasteurella differ between species?

A

in dogs its an oral commensal so common in bite wounds

in rabbits its enzoonotic

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7
Q

what does pasteurella multocida cause in dogs and cats?

A

suppurative pneumonia and pleuritis

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8
Q

what causes rabbit snuffles?

A

pasteurella multocida

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9
Q

what are the signs of rabbit snuffles and where does the pathogen colonise?

A
  • chronic nasal discharge and sneezing
  • ocular discharge
  • crusty nose
  • colonise everywhere with cilia - resp tract, middle ear, genitalia, lungs
  • pulmonary abscesses
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10
Q

can you vaccinate against pasteurella multocida?

A

no

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11
Q

how do you treat rabbit snuffles?

A

12 w abx therapy - fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

where is strep zooepidemicus and strep canis found?

A

URT

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13
Q

what type of pathogen is strep? and how is it virulent?

A 
G+ve
chains
b haemolytic
M protein to stop complement
toxins to destroy leucocytes
capsule so seen as self
super Ag
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14
Q

what does actinomyces viscosus cause?

A

granulomatous thoracic infection

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15
Q

where is actinomyces normally found?

A

oral cavity

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16
Q

what type of pathogen is actinomyces?

A

G+ve
filamentous
long branching rod
aerobic

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17
Q

what type of pathogen is norcardia asteroildes?

A

G+ve rod

short filaments

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18
Q

how is norcardia pathogenic?

A

grows in and destroys macrophages

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19
Q

Where is norcardia normally found?

A

soil

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20
Q

what does norcardia cause?

A
  • chronic, progressive, suppurating thoracic granulomas
  • red/brown (strawberry milkshake) exudate
  • adhesions
  • sulphur granules
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21
Q

what abx can be used to treat norcardia?

A

TMP
tetracyclines
ampicillin

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22
Q

what is chlamydophila felis?

A

intracellular G-ve rod

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23
Q

what does chlamydophila felis cause?

A

cat conjunctivitis
nasal discharge
interstitial bronchopneumonia

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24
Q

how do you diagnose chlamydophila felis?

A

ELISA
PCR
kosters / fluorescin labelled Ab

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25
Q

what mycoses can cause resp disease?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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26
Q

how do you diagnose aspergillus?

A 
grocott stain (appear black)
PAS
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27
Q

what does aspergillus do?

A

progressively destroys nasal turbinates by chronic granulomatous inflammation
-yellow/green exudate

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28
Q

how do you diagnose aspergillus?

A 
rads
endoscopy
serology
culture
microscopy
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29
Q

What are the other names for kennel cough?

A

infectious canine tracheobronchitis

canine infectious respiratory disease complex

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30
Q

what are the clinical signs of kennel cough?

A
  • cough (dry or productive)
  • retching
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • sneezing
  • depression
  • pyrexia
  • inappetance
  • bronchopneumonia
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31
Q

when is kennel cough more common?

A

in dogs housed together

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32
Q

how is kennel cough transmitted?

A

aerosol

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33
Q

How can kennel cough be diagnosed?

A

culture and sensitivity if bacteria
isolation / PCR /paired serology if viral
trachea-bronchial wash or deep pharyngeal swab

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34
Q

How can you treat kennel cough?

A
  • most should recover in 1-3 wks without treatment
  • abx if indicated
  • cough supressants
  • bronchodilators
  • mucolytics
  • supportive fluids
  • isolate and disinfect
35
Q

what pathogens can contribute to kennel cough?

A 
bordatella bronchiseptica
canine parainfluenza virus
canine adenovirus 2
canine herpesvirus
canine respiratory coronavirus
mycoplasmas
36
Q

how is bordatella bronchiseptica virulent?

A

attaches to cilia in URT and releases ciliostatic toxins

37
Q

What pathogen is linked to fading puppy syndrome?

A

canine herpesvirus

-worse in puppies as cant thermoregulate

38
Q

what is seen at PM with canine herpesvirus?

A

red foci of necrosis on kidney, liver, lung

39
Q

What does canine respiratory coronavirus replicate?

A

in tracheal ep and goblet cells

40
Q

What components of kennel cough can be vax against?

A

-bordatella
canine parainfluenze
canine adenovirus
canine herpesvirus (vax dam – pup)

41
Q

What signs are seen with canine distemper virus?

A 
death
broncho-interstitial pneumonia
immunosuppression
nasal and ocular discharge
cough
diarrhoea
vomiting
depression
anorexia
CNS signs
hyperkeratosis
enamel hypoplasia of baby teeth
42
Q

what is the pathogenesis of distemper virus?

A

enters resp tract - infects tonsils and LN - infects macrophages - viraemia and systemic dissemination

  • infects all ep cells of all body systems
  • shed in all body fluids
43
Q

what is unique to canine distemper on microscopy?

A

has intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

only virus to have both

44
Q

what are the signs of canine influenza virus?

A

fever
cough
haemorrhagic pneumonia

45
Q

how is canine influenza spread?

A

close contact

  • esp greyhound race tracks
  • more in USA
46
Q

what are the clinical signs of strep equi subsp zooepidemicus?

A

pyrexia
haemorrhagic nasal discharge
sudden death
sero-haemorrhagic and fibrino-suppurative bronchopneumonia

47
Q

Who can strep equi subsp zooepidemicus infect?

A

horses
dogs
zoontic

48
Q

What can cause an acute cough?

A

tracheobronchitis (KC)
foreign body
paraquat poisoning
airway trauma / irritation/pulmonary haemorrhage/ acute pneumonia/acute oedema

49
Q

what contains the toxin paraquat?

A

weedkiller

50
Q

what are the diagnostic features of paraquat poisoning?

A
  • progressive resp signs

- interstitial pattern on rad

51
Q

What is the prognosis for paraquat poisoning?

A

very poor

52
Q

What can cause a chronic cough?

A 
chronic bronchitis
parasitic pneumonia
tracheal collapse
neoplasia
eosinophilic disease
pulmonary fibrosis
feline allergic airway disease (asthma)
LSHF
unresolved FB
53
Q

What are the signs of chronic bronchitis?

A

dry hacking cough
exacerbated by excitement / exercise
sinus arrhythmia
wheeze

54
Q

what dogs are most at risk of getting chronic bronchitis?

A

small
old
overweight

55
Q

what is the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis?

A

chronic irritation and inflammation to bronchial mucosa – increased mucous secretion – compromised defence – narrowed airways and compromised airflow

56
Q

how can you diagnose chronic bronchitis?

A

Rad - bronchiectasis, bronchial pattern

Endoscopy

Tracheobronchial wash - infl and resp ep cells

57
Q

How can you manage chronic bronchitis?

A
  • clean atmosphere
  • humidify the air
  • loose weight
  • limited but regular exercise
  • avoid choke chain
  • bronchodilators
  • expectorants and mucolytics
  • anti-tussives if cough compromising QoL
  • steroids to reduce infl
58
Q

What can lead to tracheal collapse?

A

abnormal flexibility of the tracheal rings and stretching of the dorsal ligament of the trachea causing loss of normal rigid cylinder

59
Q

what breeds are more likely to get tracheal collapse?

A

small

  • yorkshire terrier
  • mini poodle
60
Q

How can you differentiate between cervical and thoracic tracheal collapse?

A

cervical - on inspiration

thoracic - on expiration

61
Q

what kind of cough do you get with tracheal collapse?

A

chronic

quacking cough

62
Q

how can you diagnose tracheal collapse?

A

endoscopy

rad

63
Q

What is eosinophilic disease?

A
  • get eosinophilic bronchitis
  • presumed to be immune mediated in dogs
  • no evidence of parasitic involvement
64
Q

How do you control eosinophilic disease?

A

immunosuppression with high dose corticosteroids

65
Q

How can you diagnose pulmonary fibrosis?

A

progressive cough and dyspnoea
crackles
interstitial markings on rad / CT

66
Q

what is the pathogenesis of feline allergic airway disease?

A

unknown allergen Ag - airway infl - excess mucous - oedema, cough, bronchoconstriction
-expiratory wheexing

67
Q

how can you diagnose feline allergic airway disease?

A

blood - eosinophilia
rad - bronchial pattern with lung hyperinflation
tracheobronchial wash - eosinophils

68
Q

how can you manage an acute episode of feline allergic airway disease?

A

oxygen
reduce stress
IV corticosteroids
IV bronchodilators

69
Q

how can you long term manage feline allergic airway disease?

A

corticosteroid
bronchodilarors
cyproheptadine (antihistamine and anti-serotonin)

70
Q

What are some pathogens that can cause infectious feline respiratory disease (cat flu)?

A

feline herpesvirus 1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis)
feline calicivirus
chlamydophila felis
bordatella bronchiseptica

71
Q

what are the clinical signs of infectious feline resp disease?

A 
ocular signs
tracheitis
laryngitis
rhinitis
lameness and systemic disease with calicivirus
72
Q

Why is serology testing not useful for cat flu?

A

due to widespread vaccination

73
Q

What is the treatment for infectious feline resp disease?

A

supportive care
only hospitalise when critical
fluid therapy
broad spec abx

74
Q

What pathogens of cat flu can you vac against?

A

herpesvirus

calicivirus

75
Q

how can cat flu be spread?

A

shedding animals
fomites
persistent carriers

76
Q

What are the 4 categories of dyspnoea?

A

obstruction
loss of thoracic capacity
pulmonary parenchymal disease
other - metabolic / vascular etc

77
Q

What does increased inspiratory noise indicate about the location of an obstruction?

A

URT

78
Q

what does increased expiratory effort indicate about the location of an obstruction?

A

intrathoracic airway

79
Q

What can cause airway obstruction?

A 
nasal FB / rhinitis / polyp
neoplasia
trauma
FB
laryngeal paralysis
brachycephalic obstructive airway disease
tracheal/bronchial collapse
filaroides
asthma
80
Q

What causes of dyspnoea would cause a eosinophilic inflammation?

A

asthma
pulmonary infiltrate
parasitism

81
Q

what causes of dyspnoea would cause a neutrophilic inflammation?

A

pneumonia

82
Q

what can cause a loss of thoracic capacity?

A 
pleural effusion
pneumothorax
neoplasia
ruptured diaphragm
cranial abdo disease
gross cardiomegaly
peritoneo-pericardio diaphrgamatic hernia
83
Q

What are some causes of pulmonary parenchymal disease?

A 
pulmonary oedema
neoplasia
pulmonary haemorrhage
bronchopnuemonia
paraquat poisoning
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
LRT parasites
feline asthma
84
Q

what are some other causes of dyspnoea?

A 
hyperthermia
obesity
pulmonary thromboembolism
excitement/exercise
anaemia
acidosis
CNS disease
endocrine disease
neuromuscular disease

Year 3 respiratory (11 decks)

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