Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 respiratory > resp pathology > Flashcards

resp pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of fluid is this and what is this condition called?

A

-sero-sanguinous transudate

hydrothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what can cause a hydrothorax?

A

CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What has hapenned to the dark areas of lung?

A

congested and deflation (atelectasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what diseases can cause congestion and atelectasis?

A

thoracic cavity tumour

pneumothorax

haemothorax

pyothorax

abscess

inhaled fb / food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the major abnormality present in image A?

A

emphysema - diffuse alveolar and interstitial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What major abnormality is seen in image B?

A
  • flooding of alveoli with protein rich fluid
  • widened interlobular septa with fibrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what cattle disease can cause emphsema and alveoli flooding with protein rich fluid?

A

Acute bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema (fog fever)

  • lush autumn grass has tryptophan which converts to a pneumotoxin in the rumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name 4 features of the upper and lower resp tract that protect the lung from airborne infections?

A
  • mucociliary escalator
  • mucus
  • nasal cavity with turbulent air flow
  • resident alveolar macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what area of the resp tract is most vulnerable to infection?

A

where cilia end before alveoli

(bronchoalveolar junction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What portion of the lung is affected and what has hapenned to it?

A
  • Cranioventral distribution on each lobe
  • dark bit = consolidation and congestion (chronic pneumonia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the condition shown?

A

bronchiolectasis = permenant bronchiole dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is illustrated in image B?

A

artery and bronchiole infiltrated in wall and lumen by inflammatory cells

neutrophils and purulent exudate stretch the bronchiole and fix it as dilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do the changes in image A develope from the changes in image B?

A

-damaged smooth muscle so stay dilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the blue material that is asteriksed within the airway lumen?

A

thick mucous plugging the airways

can also see excess goblet cells and hyperplasia of the wall so reduced cilia so cant clear mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This is from a stabled horse with a chronic history of dyspnoea and coughing. What is the most likley diagnosis?

A

RAO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can you alleviate the symptoms of RAO?

A
  • soak hay
  • good hay quality
  • change bedding to mats
  • turn horse out
  • mucolytics
  • bronchiodilators
  • expectorants
  • NSAIDs, steroids, anti-histamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the obvious abnormality and what do we call this in neonates?

A
  • light and dark patchy appearance
  • primary partial atelectasis
  • it has taken a few breaths as some areas inflated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between the two images?

A

Top = normal

Bottom = pink protein rich exudate - oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can cause pulmonary oedema?

A

LS HF

brain injury

symp stimulation

tryptophan

smoke

paraquat

iatrogenic - excess fluids

barbiturate euthanasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A = normal

B and C = abnormal

c= more magnified

What is the difference in B and C?

A
  • pink exudate and no air in alveoli
  • neutrophils present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two patterns of pneumonia are characterised by the changes in B and C?

A

bronchopneumonia - infl cells in air space, inhaled

Embolic - from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the gross appearance of the lungs

A

Large variably sized cream - yellow nodules

Granuloma or abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the difference in cell type between a granuloma and abscess?

A

Granuloma - macrophage

Abscess - neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does image A show?

A

necrotic centre with viable macrophages then lymphocytes then capsule

  • a granuloma
  • dark foci = dystrophic mineralisation due to necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What cell is indicated by the asterisk in image B?
multinuclear giant cell | (fused macrophages)
26
How can you confirm Tb presence?
ziehl - neelson stain - see magenta bits in macrophages
27
What are the pathological changes with Tb?
giant cells granulomas
28
What pigment do all these lesions have in common?
Melanosis -flat nodule
29
what is the gross abnormality?
Mucopurulent exudate diffuse redenning (hyperaemia / congestion / haemorrhage) sulphur granules in exudate
30
what is the most likely undelrying cause?
Norcardia or actinomyces as make sulphur granules - from environment from cat fight wound
31
What has hapenned and what is this condition called?
Atrophic rhinitis - bilateral concha loss, smaller turbinates and wonky snouth - tear staining - more prone to secondary infection
32
What pathogens cause atrophic rhinitis and how do they work?
- pasturella multocida - activates osteoclast - bordatella bronchiseptica - inhibits osteoblasts
33
Describe the macroscopic changes in the lung? What are 3 possible causes?
White nodules on very dark red lung - atelectasis - neoplasia - granuloma - abscess
34
What is the underlying cause?
Glandular (cells stuck to neighbouring cells and forming lines) neoplasia - adenocarcinoma
35
what is the most likely parasite causing this infection?
Dictycalus viviparus
36
what is the likley immune status of this calf to the parasite?
Been exposed before as formed a type 4 hypersensitivity granuloma
37
What defence function to the nasal chambers play?
remove particles humidify and warm sneeze with noxious stimulie
38
what defence function do the pharynx/larynx play?
cough if particles aspirated epiglottis blocks off trachea
39
in what environment can resident alveolar macrophages increase in number
dusty environment
40
Where are lung mets common from?
mammary haemangiosarcomas osteosarcomas
41
what is hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy?
paraneoplastic disease where space occupying lung lesions can cause periosteal thickening of long bones
42
What is primary atelectasis?
failure of lung tissue to expand at birth
43
what is secondary atelectaiss?
collapse of a previously ventilated lung
44
What is unusual about cattle lungs?
thick fibrous septae between lobes so lack collateral ventilation
45
what 2 things can cause secondary atelectasis?
1) Compression - mass, pneumothorax etc, recumbency 2) obstruction - exudate
46
what is emphysema?
excessive air in lungs
47
what is alveolar emphysema?
permenant abnormal enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, often from alveolar wall destruction by neutrophil elastace (RAO eg)
48
what is interstitial emphysema?
septal lymphatic are dilated with air secondary to forced expiration (pneumonia eg)
49
what is compensatory emphysema?
adjacent to an area of consolidation
50
what to pigments can affect the lungs?
melanin anthracosis - carbon in alveolar macrophages
51
What are 5 circulatory disorders affecting the lungs?
hyperaemia congestion oedema haemorrhage thrombosis/embolism/infarction
52
what is hyperaemia?
increase blood flow into tissue (acute infl eg)
53
what does dark red lung tissue indicate?
hyperaemia
54
what is congestion?
decreased blood flow from a tissue (cardiac failure eg)
55
what does grey/blue lung tissue indicate?
congestion
56
what are 4 causes of oedema?
cardiogenic (press overload) neurogenic (brain damage) excess fluid therapy damage to endothelium/epithelium
57
How does oedema fluid appear with H and E?
pale pink as protein rich
58
what are normal factors resisting oedema?
- tight junction between alveolar ep and capillaries - intra-alveolar pressure \> interstitial pressure - lymphatic drainage
59
What are the 3 things contributing to a thrombus?
endothelial injury abnormal blood flow hypercoagulation
60
What is thrombosis?
obstruction of vessels by blood during life
61
what is an embolism?
detachment of thrombi, lodged in small vessels
62
What are the 6 types of pneumonia?
broncho - lobar - broncho-interstial - interstitial - embolic - granulomatus -
63
what causes broncho-pneumonia?
bacterial inf aspiration pneumonia \*from airways
64
What is the normal distribution of broncho-pneumonia?
cranioventral lung
65
how does bronchopneumonia spread between lobes?
airway / necrosis of alveoli +septa
66
what are the possible sequelae of broncho-pneumonia?
resolution abscess pleuritis and adhesion death from hypoxaemia chronic and get bronchiectasis
67
what is bronchiectasis?
permenant dilation of some bronchi due to irreversible damage to bronchi wall
68
what causes lobal pneumonia?
highly toxic bacteria aspiration
69
what does lobar pneumonia normally infect?
entire lobes (common in cats as incomplete lobulation and septation)
70
what causes broncho-interstitial pneumonia?
mycoplasma virus
71
what is the pathogenesis of broncho-interstitial pneumonia?
infl in bronchioles -- lymphocytic proliferation -- lymphoid cuffing of airways
72
What can cause interstitial pneumonia?
-haematogenous damage
73
what distribution does interstitial pneumonia have?
diffuse
74
what are 2 toxins that can cuase interstitial pneumonia?
- paraquat - tryptophan
75
what can cause embolic pneumonia?
endocarditis, hepatic abscess, phlebitis
76
what is the distribution of embolic pneumonia?
focal
77
what can cause granulomatus pneumonia?
mycobacteria funghi
78
What are A-F?
A = ciliated ep cell B = type 1 ep cells (pneumocyte) C= type 2 ep cells D=alveolar capillary E=alveolar macrophage F=Clara cell
79
This is from a cat's nose with persistent unilateral nasal discharge What is the mass composed of? what is the diagnosis?
diffuse proliferation of subepithelial connective tissue overlain by an intact ep inflammatory polyp
80
Lung from a horse with long term resp difficulty. Diagnosis?
RAO chronic aggregation of plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils around bronchioles with emphysema
81
Lung from a young intensively housed calf with unresolving pneumonia How did the infection enter the lungs? What is the difference in the damaged areas of each lung?
- entered by inhalation as accumulated in lower cranioventral lobes - furthest left lung - chronic as pale and nodular. Will be firm and consolidated. Bronchiectasis and fibrosis cause the pallor and nodularity Middle lobe - sub-acute = darker red due to blood leakage. Slightly undulating surface from infl cells filling and expanding alveoli and bronchioles Right lobe = acute = dark red from hyperaemia. Surface is shiny and moist and smooth
82
Lung from a 6mo calf that died in resp distress. What is S and is it what caused death? How was S formed?
S = bull of emphysema - a secondary lesions to bronchopneumonia obstructing air outflow by accumulating exudate - as cattle have fibrous interlobar septa trapped air can penetrate the alveolar walls and enter interstitial tissue forming air pockets
83
What pattern is this?
Nodular interstitial
84
What pathology is shown here?
Pleural effusion - cardiac silhouette and diaphrgam not visible - increased opacity - fissure lines - lung edges away from thoracic wall
85
What pathology is shown here?
Pneumothorax - elevation of cardiac silhouette - no vessel or bronchi - area of lucency on left side if collapsed lung
86
What pathology is shown here?
cranial mediastinal mass - trachea deviated to left
87
What are the 3 most common dog cranial mediastinal tumours?
thymoma lymphoma haemangiosarcoma
88
what pathology is present here?
Diaphragmatic hernia
89
What pathology is present here?
pneumomediastinum - as two vessels below trachea re visible when they shouldnt be - aorts appears better marginated than normal due to surrounding gas
90
What pathology is shown here? what else is abnormal?
Diaphragmatic hernia Sternal fracture with some new bone formation
91
What pathology is shown here?
pleural effusion - black anechoic area at location of lung on both sides of cranial mediastinum which is consistent with fluid

Year 3 respiratory (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions