resp diagnosis

Question 1

What can areas of increased soft tissue opacity superimposed over normal conchal pattern mean on a rad?

Answer 1

chronic rhinitis

nasal foreign body

Question 2

What can areas of altered soft tissue opacity over areas of conchal destruction mean on rad?

Answer 2

• agressive conchal destruction
• Aspergillosis - checkerboard black and white
• Neoplasia - uniform opacity

Question 3

What lesions can cause narrowing of the URT?

Answer 3

tracheal hypoplasia
collapsing trachea
thickened tracheal membrance
submucosal haemorrhage
neoplasia

Question 4

What lesion can cause both narrowing and displacement of URT?

Answer 4

retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy

mediastinal mass

Question 5

What measurement can you take to determine if there is any tracheal narrowing on a rad?

Answer 5

Tracheal diameter / thoracic inlet
normal = 0.2
brachycephalic = 0.16
boxers = 0.07

Question 6

What are the progressing appearances of lungs during disease progression on rads?

Answer 6

Bronchial
interstitial
Alveolar
Vascular

Question 7

What is a bronchial pattern?

Answer 7

Mineralisation of bronchial walls
thickening of bronchial walls
increase diameter of bronchi (bronchiectasis)

Question 8

What can cause a bronchial pattern?

Answer 8

bronchial mineralisation
allergic bronchitis
chronic bronchitis
peribronchial cuffing (1 st step of interstitial as outside of bronchi)

Question 9

What can you see on an interstitial pattern?

Answer 9

pulmonary vessels

Question 10

What are different ways to classify a interstitial pattern?

Answer 10

nodular
diffuse
localised

Question 11

what can cause a nodular interstitial pattern?

Answer 11

metastatic neoplasia
haematoma
granuloma
fluid filled bronchi
abscess

Question 12

what can cause a diffuse interstitial pattern?

Answer 12

poor radiograph
old dog
neoplasia
pneumonia
oedema

Question 13

what can cause a localised interstitial pattern?

Answer 13

partial lung collapse
haemorrhage
embolism
FB
oedema
parasite

Question 14

What do you see on an alveolar pattern?

Answer 14

no air in alveoli

cant see pulmonary vessels

Question 15

what can cause localised alveolar pattern/

Answer 15

bronchopneumonia
oedema
haemorrhage
neoplasia
lung collapse / atelectasis

Question 16

what can cause diffuse alveolar pattern?

Answer 16

severe bronchopneumonia
severe oedema
near drowning
smoke inhalation

Question 17

What is seen on a vascular pattern?

Answer 17

huge vessels

Question 18

What can cause enlarged arteries?

Answer 18

pulmonary hypertension

Question 19

what can cause enlarged veins?

Answer 19

congestion

Question 20

what can cause enlarged arteries and veins?

Answer 20

overcirculation

Question 21

What can cause small arteries and veins?

Answer 21

hypovolaemia

tetralogy of fallot

Question 22

What can cause diffuse lung hyperluccency?

Answer 22

overexposure
wt loss
hypovolaemia
overinflation
air trapping
emphysema

Question 23

what can cause focal lung hyperlucency?

Answer 23

bulla
lobar emphysema
pulmonary embolism

Question 24

what can cause diffuse calcified lung lesions?

Answer 24

hyperAC
hyper PTH
uraemia
idiopathic

Question 25

what can cause focal calcified lung lesions?

Answer 25

``` bronchial calcification pulmonary heterotopic bone formation osteosarcoma mets primary lung neoplasia barium aspiration ```

Question 26

What is seen on radiography with a pneumothorax?

Answer 26

radiolucent space between cardiac silhouetter and sternum lack of pulmonary vessels in periphery increased lung opacity

Question 27

What is seen on radiography with pleural fluid?

Answer 27

increased general opacity loss of clarity of cardiac silhouette separation of lung lobes from thoracic wall widened pleural fissures

Question 28

What size should the normal mediastinum be?

Answer 28

less than twice the width of the vertebral bodied on DV/VD

Question 29

how can you see a mediastinal shift?

Answer 29

displacement of the mediatinal organs

Question 30

how does a pneumomediastinum appear?

Answer 30

radiolucency in mediastinum with increased visibility of BV, oesophagus and tracheal wall

Question 31

what can cause a pneumomediastinum?

Answer 31

dodgy jugular venopuncture

Question 32

What can cause a widened mediastinum?

Answer 32

``` bulldog obese thymic sail haemorrhage abscess oedema chlomediastinum mass mediastinitis ```

Question 33

Where does the diaphgragm normally meet the spine?

Answer 33

T11 -T 13

Question 34

What abdominal processes can cause cranial diaphragm displacement?

Answer 34

``` obesity ascites abdo pain abdo mass organomegaly ```

Question 35

what thoracic processes can cause cranial diaphragm displacement?

Answer 35

``` expiration pleural adhesions atelectasis lung lobectomy diaphragmatic paralysis diaphragmatic defect ```

Question 36

what can cause caudal displacement of the diaphragm?

Answer 36

``` tension pneumo pleural effusion intrathoracic mass severe resp distress emphysema feline bronchial asthma emaciation ```

Question 37

What can cause a loss of outline of thoracic surface?

Answer 37

``` bilateral pleural effusion diaphragmatic hernia acquired diaphragmatic rupture alveolar pattern of adjacent lung caudal mediastinal mass ```

Question 38

what can cause a change in diaphragmatic contour/shape?

Answer 38

``` thoracic mass small diaphragmatic rupture/hernia pleural reaction on diaphragmatic surface diaphragmatic neoplasia hemiparalaysis of the diaphragm unilatial tension pneumo hypertrophic muscular dystophy in cats ```

Question 39

How does the diaphragm appear differently on a VD and DV view?

Answer 39

on VD have 3 bulges and a gap between heart on DV have single bulge and no gap

Question 40

How can you tell the difference between a L lateral and a R lateral rad?

Answer 40

L lateral - diaphragm at sharp angle, VC more caudal R lateral - diaphragm 2 parallel lines, VC more cranial