S4- Social Cognition and Person Perception

Question 0

Social categorization

Answer 0

The process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes

Question 1

Social cognition

Answer 1

The way in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world

Question 2

Prototype

Answer 2

The most representative member of a category

Question 3

Schema

Answer 3

A schema is an organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built up from experience and that contains causal relations; it is a theory about how the social world operates

Question 4

Gender schema

Answer 4

A cognitive structure for processing information based on it’s perceived female or male qualities

Question 5

Script

Answer 5

A schema that describes how a series of events is likely to occur in a well-known situation and which is used as a guide for behavior ad problem solving

Question 6

Priming

Answer 6

The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

Time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgements to simple rules

Question 8

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 8

The tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the “typical” or “average” member of that category

Question 9

Availability heuristic

Answer 9

The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event

Question 10

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 10

A tendency to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgments

Question 11

Hindsight bias

Answer 11

The tendency, once an event has occurred, to overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome

Question 12

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 12

The tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened

Question 13

Thought suppression

Answer 13

The attempt to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness

Question 14

Person perception

Answer 14

The process by which we try to detect other people’s temporary states and enduring dispositions (also called social perception)

Question 15

Nonverbal communication

Answer 15

Communicating feelings and intentions without words

Question 16

Nonconscious mimicry

Answer 16

The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners without conscious awareness or intention

Question 17

Social role

Answer 17

A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fill

Question 18

Social role theory

Answer 18

The theory that virtually all the documented behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and the resulting social goals that are taught to the young

Question 19

Central traits

Answer 19

Traits that exert a disproportionate influence on people’s overall impressions causing them to assume the presence of other traits

Question 20

Implicit personality theories

Answer 20

A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together

Question 21

Confirmation bias

Answer 21

The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information

Question 22

Attribution

Answer 22

Process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events

Question 23

Internal attribution

Answer 23

Attribution that locates the cause of an event two factors internal to the person such as personality traits, mode, attitude, abilities, or effort

Question 24

External attribution

Answer 24

An attribution that locates the cause of an event to factors external to the person, such as a luck, or other people, or the situation

Question 25

Correspondent inference

Answer 25

An inference that the action of an actor corresponds to or is indicative of a stable personal characteristic

Question 26

Covariation principle

Answer 26

A principle of attribution theory stating that for something to be the cause of a particular behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not occur

Question 27

Discounting principle

Answer 27

Principle of attribution theory stating that whenever there are several possible causal explanations for a particular event, people tend to be much likely much less likely to attribute the of effect to any particular cause

Question 28

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 28

The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional causes and underestimate the impact of situational causes on other people's behavior

Question 29

Actor-observer effect

Answer 29

The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal factors

Question 30

Dual-process models of attribution

Answer 30

Theories of attribution that propose that people initially engaged in a relatively automatic and simple attributional assessment but then later consciously correct this attribution with more deliberate and effortful thinking

Question 31

Pessimistic explanatory style

Answer 31

A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, and positive events to the external, unstable, and specific causes

Question 32

Optimistic explanatory style

Answer 32

A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to external unstable and specific causes and positive events to internal stable and global causes