Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Core II > S4 > Flashcards

S4 Flashcards

1
Q

cell expression basic concept for N and E cadherin

A

can sort by type or by level of cellular expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cell adheisoon molecuels vs cell junctions

A

membrane proteins vs aggregates of transmembrane and intracellular proteins
inuitive complexity, size, transience and stability differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

epithelial tissue

A

mechanical stress cell to cell by cytoskeletal filaments

anchored to cell matric and cell to cell adhestin sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

connective tissue

A

ECM directly bears mechanical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

metastasis

A

cells leave tumor then enter blood stream then extravasation to new tissue to colonize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

neural development and adhesion

A

cells in epitheliem and then lose adheision when dividing then adhere to radial glia to move up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anchoring junctions

A

actin filament attacchment sites

intermediate filament attatchment sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

actin filament attatchment sites

A

cell cell junctions (adherins junctions)

cell matrix junctions (actin linked cell matrix adhesions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intermediate filament attatchment sites

A

cell cell is desmosomes

cell matrix is hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Occluding junctions

A

tight junctions in vertes

septate in invertes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

signal relay junctions

A

chemical synapses
immunological synnapes
transmembrane lignad - receptor and cell cell signaling contancts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of extra junctional adehesion molecuels

A

involved in forming junctions but not direcly part of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ways to measure adhesion/junction force

A 
centrifugation
atomic force microsopy
dual pippette assay
flipping assay
magnetic bead
FRET
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

this section TEM vs Freeze fracture TEM

A

close vs overview?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

freeze fracture

A

separate leaflits of PM
E face is smooth exoplasmic
P face is rough protoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occluding junctions on endothelim of intestings

A

tight junctions
apical
usually top down is tight,adherin, desomosomal, hemidesmosomal
visible as terminal bar
protein occludin
sealing strands with actin microfilaments
polarize cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 anchoring junction protein types

A

intracellular anchoring proteins

transmembrane adheision proteins (adheision molecuels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adherins junction

A 
cell to cell
classical cadheirins
bind to same on other cell
actin filaments
alpha and beta cateinn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

desomosomes

A 
non classiscal cadherines
cell to cell
bind desmoglein and desmocollin on other cell
intermediate filaments
plakoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adherens and development

A

contract to create invaginations for like epithelial tube
E cadherins outside tube
N cadherins in the ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mechanotransduction

A

when stretched more actin recruited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hemi vs desmosome

A

both link to intermediate
hemi to basal lamina,
desmo is cell cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pemphigus vulgaris

A

autoimmune disease affecting desomosmes

antibodies disrupt in skin causing blisters, flfluid loss and infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hemidesmosomes in EM

A

look like half desmosomes
anchor basal lamina to intermediate filaments
disrupted in bullous pemphigold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

focal adhesions

A

link actin to ECM
cell movement and wound healing
integreins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

integrin activation

A

ligand for outside in or tallin for inside out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Talin as a mechanotradducoer

A

vinculin binding site exposed from tension

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

selectins

A

adhesion molecules that dont participate in junctions

transient adhesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

extravasation

A

weak adhesion and rolling (selectin dependent)
strong adhesion and emigration (integrin dependent)
white blood cells leave blood stream to chase inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

neurexin and neurolign

A

involved in cell cell connections at synapes and signaling for developing and maintaintng neural contacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

integrin receptor basics

A

membrane spanning
bind to ECM proteins
transduce bidirectionsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

GAGs

A

glycosamino glyicans
amino sugar
4 groups mainly hylauran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hylauronan

A

simples GAG

not bownd to core protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

proteoglycan

A

GAGs covalentlybound to core preotiens

gel like ground substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

functions of GAGS and proteoglycans

A

regulate chemical signaling
regulate other secreted proteins
act as co receptors
resist compressive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hurlers syndrome

A

accumulation of the GAG heparan sulfate

deficincy in degration enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

fibrous proteins in ECM

A

collagen
elastic fibers
fibronectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

collagen

A

tensile strength
triple helix
hydoxyproline and hydroxylisine residues are critical for fibril formation
cells determine size/ organizaation via gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

types of collagen

A

I most comman for like skin and bone
IX and XII for link fibrils
IV network forming
VII anchorning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

collagen assembly steps

A 
syn of pro alpha chain
hydroxylation of prolines and lysines
glycosylation of selected hydroxylysines
self assmbly of 3 pro alhpha chains
procollagen triple helix formation  via inter chain H bonds at hydroxylated residues
secretion
cleaveage of propetides
self aseembly into crosslinked fibriles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

fibril associated collagens

A

wickerwork is perpindicular

budneled is parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency

no hydroxylation so no collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

osteogeneis imperfecta

A

colllagen Type I mutated

weak bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

scleroderma

A

autoimmune scar tissue buildup and collagen in dkinand organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

elastic fibers

A

recoil after trasent stretch
elastin with loos random coil model
microfibril coat eleastin core as scaffold made of fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

marfans syndrom

A

mutation of fibrilin gene
lense displacement, skin joints weird
predisposint ot aortic rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

fibronectin

A 
cell-ECM interaction
specific binding sites for matrix macromleucles and cell surface receptors
dimers with repeated domains
Type III binds integrin at RGD sequence
needs to bind integrin to form fibril
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

basal lamina

A

ECM under epithelial cells
laminin is primary component, cross shaped, cue from cell to form sheet
type IV collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

basal lamina functions

A 
mechanical support
compartmentalize tissue
selective filter
scaffold
migration
cell polarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

epidermolysis bullosa

A

defece in basmemtn membrane leading to blisters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

ECM turnover

A 
remodleing 
matrix metalloproteasses
serine proteases
regulated by local activaaiotn
cell surface receptors
secreted inhibtiros
protease specificity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

integrin receptors

A 
heterodimerice transmembrane ECM receptors
alpha and beta subunites
distinct dimers
short C tails and large N heads
Tail link integrin to cytoskeleton
head to ECM proeins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

receptor mediated signaling

A

dynamic
inactive - bent, tighlty folded heads, tail tail contact
active - separate tails, unfolded heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

outside in signaling

A

ligand binds head
makes active conformation exposing binding site on tail
talin binds beta subuinit and anchors integrin to cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

inside out signaling

A

talin activated binds to Beta subunit creating cross talk on surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

allosteric regulation

A

ligan binding make conform change on both sides so bidirectional signals
basically cuz dimers, changes in one affects both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

integrin clustering

A

receptors in high concentratin with low affinity for ligand
velcro principle: bunhch of weak make strong
activated integrins associate laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

focal adheison

A

ECM binds integrins

downstream effects, no intrinsic kinase in integrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

focal adhesion kinase

A

binding site revealed when talin binds integrin

FAK gets activted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

growth factor receptor regulation

A

direct is independent because GFRs cross phosphorylate

indirect is depended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

Beta 2 deficient so WBCs cant get to infection

62
Q

glanzmans disease

A

Beta 3

platelates cant clot ucz cant interact with fibrinogen

63
Q

ECM-integrin cell morphology

A

spatial signals
agar for 2D layers but spherical in ECM for mammilary
mechanical signals bidirectionally
reciperocal communication btwn cells and environment

64
Q

ECM-integrin cell survivial

A 
biochemical cues
integrins and GFRs
anchorage dependent growth
contact promotion 
detatchment and apoptosis
65
Q

anoikis

A

cell death as resuld of ECM detatchment

cancer cells resist this

66
Q

ECM-integrin and Migration

A

mechanical support and chemical cues dor dirceting

differential integrin activation for moving

67
Q

ECM integrin dysfunction and cancer progressin

A

break through basal lamina
matrix protease activation
invadopodia are membrane protrutions

68
Q

ECM integrin dysfunction and cancer

matrix stiffness

A

tumor progresssion

matrix not tumor is whats felt

69
Q

LOX

A

inhibit this and increase collagen cross links

70
Q

volociximab

A

against alha5beta

slows tumor growth

71
Q

cilengitide

A

targets avb5 and avb 3

72
Q

inner vs outter blastocyst

A

inner is animal, forms disc

outer forms placenta

73
Q

3 germ layers

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

74
Q

gastrulation

A

endoderm - epeithelial cells
mesoderm - heart, muscles, bone
ectoderm - nervous system, epidermis

75
Q

epithelial cell movmentn

A 
out of mesenchymal 
loss of cellcell junctions
lose apical basal polarity 
alpha SMA expression for front back polarity
MMP upregulate
76
Q

heart organogenesis

A 
cardiogenic area near head
u shaped primitive blood cells
2 tubes
fuse
bulbos
folding and lifting into compartments
controll of transcription factors by microRNA
77
Q

lung organogenesis

A

tracheal buds then branching
surfactant
Tbx5, Wnt, Bmp
FGF and Shh to create branches

78
Q

limb development

A

initiation has antiror Gli3 and Wnt and posterior Hand2 and Wnt
early secification has
ZPA with Shh posterior and AER distal with FGF
apoptosis to separate

79
Q

teratology

A

study for birth defects

knockouts cool if they work in vivo but might be embyronically lethal and useless

80
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

create permanant collections of embryonic stem cells

81
Q

genetic engineernig steps

A

take special stem cells
inject in to blastocyst inner cell mass
implant in foster mother making chimeric mouse

82
Q

Crispr Cas 9

A

dont need ES cells

can just inject DNA changes

83
Q

stem cell stages

A

self renewal
specification
differentiation

84
Q

specificatoin

A

make stem cells pic a path
autonomous - genome, asymmetric division not external factors
syncytial - unusual, nuculus not cytoplasm divides
conditional - environment: indirect with paracrinn Shh or integrines; direct with cell cell contact via juxtacrin or notch

85
Q

differentiation

A

take specified scells and specialize them into cell type

86
Q

key characteristics of stem cells

A

self renewal without loss of differntation potential

can make differentaited daughter cells

87
Q

diabetes stem cell treatment

A

beta cell transplant

88
Q

potency

A

number of possible fates

89
Q

totipotency

A

can be anything

found in zygotes for 8 days

90
Q

pluripotents

A

can make all embryo cells
in innerc cell mass till day 10
make teratoma in tumor in mice that hass all 3 germ layers
oct4, nanog, sox2

91
Q

multipotent

A

all tissues of an organ
hematopoeitic for blood
mesenchymal for connective tissue

92
Q

unipotent

A

one type

like spermatogonia

93
Q

Lineage tracing

A

have reporter gene so can tell all the progeny of a single cell

94
Q

stem cell niche basics

A

microenvironment and cells next to stem cells that support and tell when/how to divide
daugther cells divide away from niches so dont get SC signals
stem cells start doing stuff before niche is formed

95
Q

drosophila stem cell niches male

A

male of SC have hub cells at apical end
attached side stays SC
unattached activates JAK STAT pathway to divide and differentiate

96
Q

drosophila stem cell niche female

A

cap cells at apical end
signal through cadherin junctinos
TGF beta ligands promote MAD+P which turns off BAM but BAM is on in daughter cells and leads to differentation

97
Q

intestinal stem cell niche

A

Lrg5+ at crytp base for rapid
Bmi1+ for slowly (further up)
alpi+ can dedifferentiate back to Lrg5+

98
Q

neural stem cell niche

A

in V-SVz

99
Q

serial transplantatio

A 
take out
tag
culture
put back
regenerate organ
100
Q

label retention

A

stem cells can turn off cell cycle to

101
Q

damage repair

A

queiscent by NHEJ

cycleing by HR will have higher fidelity but also ROS so bad

102
Q

plasticity of differentiatied cells

A

dedifferentiation to same lineage happens in instestines with Alpi+
trandifferentiation when daugter cells become multiple types (pancrease)
important for regeneration

103
Q

lineage tracing

A

cre with stem cell promoter and a marker

104
Q

mTor

A

nutreint sensing

related to insulin and insulin like receptors

105
Q

senescence

A

cell lineage lifespan
defined by number of doublings
telomeres

106
Q

hayflick limit

A

human cells do not spontaneously immortalize except for tumors
mouse cells do

107
Q

3T3 cells

A

cells per square centimeter is 3x10^5

concentration where they immortalize but retain normal phenotype

108
Q

SV40LT

A

viral protein
inactivates p53 and pRb
creates crisis and apoptosis but surviviors immortalize as tumors

109
Q

papilloma virus

A

imortalizes by targeting E proteins

110
Q

Li faumeni syndrome

A

heterozygous mutation for p53

111
Q

p53 and sensecence

A

+P activates p53 which activates p21 and arrests cell cycle or activates PUMA and apoptosis

112
Q

senscenes char that are opposite of apoptosis

A 
maintain viablity
cells persist
secrete stuff
pro inflame
natural killer cell response
impact tissues
113
Q

4 triggers of p53 and senescence

A

telomere attrition
oncogenic activation
oxidative stress
mitochondrial stress

114
Q

telomere attritions

A

end gets shorter cuz overhang and okaziki fragments
T loop stuff not able to recover full length
humans dont have telomerase
DNA damage once too short activated p53

115
Q

oncogenic transformation

A

immortal cells with activated ras proteins become tumors but mortal ones senesce

116
Q

pluiipotent blood stem cells

A

CD34+ and Lin Negative

1/1000 in bone marrow

117
Q

neutrophil

A

most abundant granulocyte phagocitic line of defense against bacteria

118
Q

basophil

A

least numerous

histamine and allergies

119
Q

eosinophils

A

kill parasitic worms

120
Q

monocytes

A

become macrophages in tissue

121
Q

function of WBCs

A

innate non specific immune response

extravasation from blood stream to inflammation

122
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive immune cels
make antibodies
B cells have antibody in membrane and makes more
T cells eat then present antigen to make more helpers and killers

123
Q

chars of hematopoitic ontageny timing

A

mesoblastic 2 weeks to 2 months
hepatic 6 weeks to birth (liver and soome spleen)
myeloid - bone marrow red for intrauterine life

124
Q

stromal cells

A

stem cells in niche bound to these stay stem cells otherwise differentiate
has kit ligand and SCF

125
Q

early hematopoietic colony stimulating factors CSFs

A

stem cell factor SCF/kit ligand

IL-3 / multi csf

126
Q

intermediate hematopoietic colony stimulating factors CSFs

A

lineage commitment
GM-CSF -> myelocytes
IL-7 -> lymphocytes

127
Q

late hematopoietic colony stimulating factors CSFs

A 
single lineage
G-CSF -> neutrophils
IL-5 -> eosinophils
M-CSF -> monocytes/macrophages
IL-4 -> mast cells
EPO -> erythrocytes
128
Q

red blood cell development

A

extrudes nuclesu with division
loses ‘dont eat me’ with age
oxygen does not stimulate ECO which makes sense cuz if theres less oxygen then you need more blood for efficiecny

129
Q

counting precursors

A

cell surface makers tell where in process

cd34 early on

130
Q

leukemia and lymphoma basics

A

mutation of white blood cells
philadelphia chromosome when 9 translocates with 22
stem cells

131
Q

Acute L

A

blast form ready to divide

CD19 negative in B cell precusor

132
Q

CAR T therapy

A

chimeric antigen receptors change T cell targets to CD19 postive

133
Q

chronic leukemia

A

malignant

insidious

134
Q

adult T cell LL

A

Rash

135
Q

mycosis fungoides

A

invades skin then blood

136
Q

multiple myeloma

A

IL6

infectino risk

137
Q

Non hodgkin lymphoma

A

CD19

more frequent

138
Q

Burkitt lymphoma

A

jaw
c-myc
CD20

139
Q

hodkin lymphoma

A

lymph nodes
CD15,30
cytokines attract other cell types
antibody treatments inneffective

140
Q

autosomal dominant

A

vertical pattern
think punnet square only one parent needs it and then theres a 50% chance regardless of gender
paternal age effect

141
Q

autosomal recessive

A

horizontal cuz only one generation effected
heterozygous carriers
need two heterozygous parents to be affected
25% affected
25% no mutation
50% carrier
punnet square

142
Q

Y chromosome inheretance

A

males only affected and transmitting

143
Q

mitochondrial inheretance

A

miDNA

maternal transmition only but can effect male

144
Q

x linked inheritance

A

males are hemizygous so no male to male transmision
all daugters of affected male are heterozygous
female give 50/50 affected to sons and 50/50 carrier daughters

145
Q

obligate carrier

A

heterozygous who have affected offspring

146
Q

EcoR1 and XLA gene mapping

A

creates two short segments
short means mutated long if not
both if carrier
X linked only one for male, 2 for female

147
Q

LOD scores

A

> 3 linkage of mednelian trati

>2 for multigene trait

148
Q

c

A

% recombination

recombinates/(progeny+R)

149
Q

highest Z

A

log(c)

best hypothesis

150
Q

brutons diseas

A

x linked agammaglobulinemia

BTK mutant arrests B cell development

Core II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions