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Core II > Master exam 1 > Flashcards

Master exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes

A

arachidonic acid

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2
Q

generic structure of phospholipid

A

2 fa
glycerol backbond
phosphate
alcohol

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3
Q

diffrent sites wheree phospholipids components can vary

A

fatty acids - different chain lenghts, saturated vs unsaturated
head groups- different alcohols
More or less phosphate groups

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4
Q

local hormone

A

localized close to a cell or just within the tissue they were secreted in
not circulation
short halflives
do not build up to high levels in circulation

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5
Q

property of prostaglandins that make them a local hormone

A

?

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6
Q

why are local hormones more likely to have pleitoropic effects

A

different tissues can have different receptors for the same hormone so it can have multiple effects that dont interfere since its only acting within one type

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7
Q

citrate lyase role in cholesterol and fatty acid syn

A

both are made in cytosol acetyl coa comes from mitochondria but cant get out on its own. so it leaves as citrate which gets cut apart by the lyase

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8
Q

rate limiting and regulated step of fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyl coa via acetyl coa carboxylase to malonyl coa

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9
Q

ACAT

A

acts on a cell to allow storage of free cholesterol to take from hdl?

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10
Q

LCAT

A

converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters in the HDL changins shape

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11
Q

essentrial features of steriod hormone receptor

A 
nuclear receptor
transactivation domain
DNA binding domain
hinge
ligand binding domain
NLS 
transcription factor
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12
Q

essential features of non steriodal hormone receptors

A

d

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13
Q

aspartate + alpha ketoglutarate

A

glutamate
oxaloacetate
enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase
coenzyme: PLP

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14
Q

homocystein genaration

A

methionine is metabolized to homocysteine by Met condensing with ATP to form SAM. the methyl group from SAM can be transferred to a variety of acceptors causing SAM to SAHwhich becomes adenosine and homocysteine

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15
Q

Hcy low level control

A

remethylation to Met via THF and B12

or transulfuration to cystvia VOMIT coenzyme and PLP

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16
Q

sphingolipids vs phospholipids

A

sphingo have serine backbone`

phospholipids have glycerol

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17
Q

pancreatic
hormone senstivie
lipoprotein
lipases

A

cleaves dietary TAG into fa and monag to get through membranes
frees TAG into fa to leave adipose
cleaves TAG to enter adipose and muscle

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18
Q

prostaglandin

RL

A

arachidonic acid to prostaglandin to prostaglandins, protacclin, thromboxanes
PGHS turns aa to PH2 then other enzymes depending on tissue decide what it becomes

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19
Q

COX1 vs COX2

A

types of PGHS
1 is hosukepping, constitutive
2 is highly regulated, transient and pro inflammatory, mRNA up and down regulated

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20
Q

what can be activated first in lipid biosynthesis

A

either phosphatidic acid or alcohol

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21
Q

sources of lipid diversity

A

different fatty acyl chains
different head groups
PL vs ether lipids vs sphingolipds
diverstiy in glycosylation pattern

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22
Q

NSAIDs

A

d

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23
Q

RL of FA synthesis

A 
acetyl coA + CO2 via acetyl coa carboxylase and biotin make malonyl coA
\+ citrate
\+dephosphorylation
-end product
-phosph
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24
Q

fatty acid synthase

A

condense reduce dehydrate reduce to keep adding acetyl co a to malonyl until palmitic acid using NADPH

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25
Q

configuration needed for beta oxidation

A

trans but cis is normal so use isomerase

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26
Q

4 steps of beta oxidatino

A

dehydrogenate (FAD)
hydrate
dehydrogenate (NAD)
thiolysis

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27
Q

RL beta oxidation

A

transport to mitochondria
carnitine shuttle where acetyl coa swaps with carneitine to get in
malonyl co a inhibits CPT 1

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28
Q

ketone bodies

A

made in liver cuz HMG coa lyase, but liver cant use it

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29
Q

cis vs trans fatty acids

A

cis has kink and is nateural

trans is no kink from processsed and packs weird

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30
Q

where do FA elongation and desaturation happen

A

er

FA synthase

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31
Q

Very long chain fatty acids

A

have to start in peroxisomes

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32
Q

RL step of cholesterol biosynthesis

A

HMGcoa to mevalonate by hmg voa reducatase

33
Q

statins

A

competitive inhibitors of hmg coa reductase

34
Q

chylomicrons

A 
dietary lipids
ApoB first thing
APoe brings to liver
apocII - activates lipoprotein lipase
apocIII - inhibits lpl
35
Q

VLDL

A 
endogenous lipids
apob100
apoE
apoCi
ApoCIIandII from HDL
lose 505 BECOME IDL THEN LDL
36
Q

LDL

A

receptor sees APoB100 on IDL
PCSK9 blocks receptors
bad cholesterol

37
Q

HDL

A

good
remove cholesterol from body
no apoB
give ApoC to other types

38
Q

4 purposes of salt

A

membrane - fludity and lipid raft
steroid syn
bile acid
vitamin d

39
Q

farneysl

A

last cholesterol precursor that does other stuff for things thtat need isoprene units

40
Q

srebp?

A

?

41
Q

lcat

A

turns cholesterol into cholesterol ester

42
Q

cyp 450

A

oxidize intermediates

43
Q

pregnenolone

A

prohormone

44
Q

progesterone

A

idk

45
Q

aldosterone

A

mineral corichoid

raises bp

46
Q

testosterone

A

secondary male ex

androgen

47
Q

estradiol

A

estrogen

48
Q

cortisol

A

glucovorticoid

fight or flight

49
Q

nuclear receptors

A

activation domain
dna binding domain
hinge
ligand binding domain

50
Q

glucocorticoid receptor

A

inhibit inflamation

51
Q

ALT

A

alanine + alpha ketoglutarate = pyruvate +glutamate

52
Q

AST

A

aspartate + alphaketoglutarate = glutamate + oxaloacetate

53
Q

coenzyme for aminotransferases

A

PLP

54
Q

oxidative deamniation

A

nh4 + alpha ketoglutareate = glutamate
NADPH forward
NAD backwards

55
Q

glutamine synthetase vs glutaminase

A

syn make glutamine

ase releases nh4 and glutamate

56
Q

RL of UC

A

CPSI enzyme

NAG activator

57
Q

soley ketogenic aa

A

leucine
lysine
made into acetyl coa for ketone bodies

58
Q

gluco keto genic

A 
PITT
phenylalanine
isoleucine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
59
Q

BCAA

A

Leu Ile Val

60
Q

Beta oxidation 3 steps

A

transamination
oxidative decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation

61
Q

Beta oxidation outcomes

A

Leucine to acetyl coa

Valine and Isoleucine to proponeyl coa to ala

62
Q

Maple Syrup Urine disease

A

deficiency in Bcahine alpha keto acid dehydrogenainas BCKAD

63
Q

glucose- alanine intertissue cycle

A

in mucscle glucose to pyruvate to alanine taken to liver alanine to pyruvate to glucose to muscle
takes Nh4 from muscle to liver via alanine

64
Q

essential aa

A 
PVT TIM HLL
phenylalanine
valine
threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
leucine
lysine
65
Q

pellagra

A

insufficint Trp

66
Q

alkoptoneureia

A

dioxygeniase

first inborn error found

67
Q

PKU

A 
PAH deficiency
(PAH to Tyr)
68
Q

keep levels of hcy low

A

remethy hcy to met with THF B12

or hcy + ser to cystein

69
Q

glycogen

A

short term
liver and kidney systemic
mucle local

70
Q

fat

A

long
adipose
glyceron for gluconeogensis

71
Q

protein

A

stored but no unique storage form

glucogenic acids for glucose

72
Q

liver

A

shares

lacks transferase to use ketone bodeis

73
Q

muscle

A

stores but cant share glucsose

has tranaminase for BCAA

74
Q

adipose

A

takes fa from VLDL as TAG

75
Q

storage vs retrieval

A

storage are dephosphorylatted

retreival are phosphorylated

76
Q

how do nadh and oaa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

A

malate

77
Q

oaa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

A

aspartate

78
Q

LC fatty acyle CoA cross inner imtochondrial membraen

A

LC fatty acyl carnitine

79
Q

acetyl coa cross inner imtochondrial membraen

A

citrate

Core II (11 decks)

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