S3_L4: Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation Flashcards by MindMed Official

TRUE OR FALSE: The image of an object in the left field of vision is projected on the nasal half of the right retina and the temporal half of the left retina.

False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Arrange the following structures on how a person is able to see.

Optic nerve
Optic tract
Geniculocalcarine tract
Lateral geniculate body
Retina
Visual cortex
Optic chiasma

5172436

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The following statements are true, EXCEPT:

A. The Optic nerve has more oligodendrocytes than Schwann cells
B. The Optic chiasma is part of the diencephalon
C. The Lateral geniculate body is a hypothalamic relay nucleus subserving vision
D. Light does not travel through the Lateral geniculate body alone
E. None of the above

C. The Lateral geniculate body is a hypothalamic relay nucleus subserving vision

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Optic chiasma contains decussating fibers from the two (1)_______ hemiretina and non crossing fibers from the two (2)_______ hemiretina

nasal
temporal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the following arteries to the structure it supplies. You may choose 2 or more answers.

anterior cerebral artery
anterior choroidal artery
posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
internal carotid artery

A. Optic tract
B. Lateral geniculate body
C. Optic chiasma

C
A and B
B
A
C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Optic tract contains fibers from the (1)_______ temporal hemiretina and the (2)_______ nasal hemiretina

ipsilateral
contralateral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE OR FALSE: The lateral geniculate body purely receives light/ simple vision.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE OR FALSE: Lateral geniculate body receives fibers from the ipsilateral temporal hemiretina, which terminate in layers 1,2, and 3. It also receives fibers from the contralateral nasal hemiretina, which terminate in layers 4,5, and 6.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

B. Both statements are false

IPSI - 2,3,5
CONTRA - 1,4,6

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This constitutes the upper fibers of parietal fibers/ superior retinal quadrants is responsible for the inferior visual field.

Baram’s Loop

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This constitutes the lower fibers of the temporal fibers/ inferior retinal quadrants are responsible for the superior visual field

Meyer’s Loop

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The visual cortex corresponds to what Brodmann Area?

BA 17

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The following statements are true about the visual cortex, EXCEPT:

A. Located on the banks of the calcarine sulcus
B. Receives retinal input via the ipsilateral LGB
C. Receives its blood supply from the calcarine artery, a branch of the anterior cerebral artery
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

C. Receives its blood supply from the calcarine artery, a branch of the anterior cerebral artery

NOTE: It is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lesions in the visual cortex result in a contralateral (1)_______ with (2)_______.

TIP: fill the blanks with 2 words each.

homonymous hemianopia
macular sparing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which contralateral fibers that crosses over at the optic chiasm?

Nasal retinal fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Light does not travel through the LGB alone, it can also pass through the following structures, EXCEPT:

A. Superior colliculus
B. Pretectal nucleus
C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
D. Ventral lateral geniculate body
E. None of the above

E. None of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the following structures to its function.

For pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex
Controls circadian rhythms, day and night interpretation
Give signals to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus for constricting the pupil to focus on a certain object
Responsible for rapid directional movement of the eyes
Responsible for behaviour

A. Superior colliculus
B. Pretectal nucleus
C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
D. Ventral lateral geniculate body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE OR FALSE: The most widespread effects on vision occur where the nerve fibers of the visual pathway are tightly packed together

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged

Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
Circumferential Blindness
Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged

Binasal Hemianopia
Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness
Homonymous quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged. You may choose 2 or more.

Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Damage to meyer’s loop on (L) results to (1)_______ (2)_______ quadrant hemianopia

right
superior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Damage on Baram’s loop ® results to (1)_______ (2)_______ quadrant hemianopia

left
inferior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determine the condition.

Lesion on the lateral side and loses both nasal vision

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

B. Binasal Hemianopia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determine the condition.

lesion on the ® temporal fibers or lesion on the (L) parietal fibers results to this

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

C. Homonymous quadrantanopia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determine the condition. Total lesion on one optic nerve of the same eye A. Circumferential Blindness B. Binasal Hemianopia C. Homonymous quadrantanopia D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

Determine the condition. Caused by hysteria or optic neuritis which occurs following spread of infection from the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses A. Circumferential Blindness B. Binasal Hemianopia C. Homonymous quadrantanopia D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

A. Circumferential Blindness

Determine the condition. Lesion on medial/central part that loses both temporal vision A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia B. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia E. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia

Determine the condition. Blindness in half of the visual field with ipsilateral nasal and contralateral temporal affectation A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia

Determine the condition. Parietal field (Cuneus) sees inferior vision A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

Determine the condition. Temporal field (Lingual) sees superior vision A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

Determine which structure is being described. 1. Works better at night 2. Color-specifier 3. RGB Scale 4. Determines presence of light 5. Photopsins A. Rods B. Cones

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. B

Eyes synthesize ______ for us to be able to see

opsins

Determine which structure is being described. More present in the retina A. Rods B. Cones

A. Rods

Determine which structure is being described. Light Identifier A. Rods B. Cones

A. Rods

Determine which structure is being described. Determines color and fine detail A. Rods B. Cones

B. Cones

Determine which structure is being described. Works better at day A. Rods B. Cones

B. Cones

Determine which structure is being described. Gray Scale A. Rods B. Cones

A. Rods

Determine which description fits how the eyes adapts. 1. Adapt to dark area 2. Dilate pupils 3. Retinals converted to vitamin A 4. Takes ~5-10 minutes 5. Decrease photosensitivity to avoid eye damage A. Light Adaptation B. Dark Adaptation

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. A

Determine which description fits how the eyes adapts. 1. Switch over from rods to cones 2. Vitamin A converted into retinals 3. Increase photosensitivity to distinguish objects 4. Switch over from cones to rods 5. Retinal detach, decrease, & breaks down opsins, photochemicals A. Light Adaptation B. Dark Adaptation

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A

Light adaptation has decreased in (1)______, but increased in (2)______

1. sensitivity 2. acuity

Overstimulation of rods causing _______

glaring

All sensations will go to the (1)_____ except for (2)______.

1. thalamus 2. olfaction NOTE: This is asked in the board exams.

TRUE OR FALSE: Olfaction can go to the thalamus because of the newer pathway.

True

Determine which olfactory pathway is being described. 1. For adverse toxic olfaction 2. Basic olfactory reflex 3. Does not pass through/synapse to the thalamus 4. Avoidance, aversion, automatic responses, difference mechanism 5. Analysis and conscious perception towards a scent A. Primitive Pathway B. Less Old Pathway C. New Pathway

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C

Fill in the blanks of the Primitive Pathway. Olfactory bulb → (1)_____ → septal nuclei of mid basal portion → (2)_______ or limbic system

1. olfactory tract 2. hypothalamus

Fill in the blanks of the Less Old Pathway. Olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → prepyriform or pyriform nucleus of (1)______ → anteromedial portion of (2)______

1. amygdala 2. temporal lobe

Fill in the blanks of the New Pathway. Olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → dorsomedial nucleus of (1)____ → lateroposterior quadrant of (2)______

1. thalamus 2. orbitofrontal cortex

What is the 1st order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

Nucleus of solitary tract

What is the 3rd order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

Lower tip of the postcentral gyrus (Gustatory Cortex) NOTE: opercular insular area may also be the answer (based on other references)

Which nerve is responsible for the anterior 2/3 sensation of the tongue?

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Which nerve is responsible for the base of tongue up to pharynx?

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

Which ganglion is partnered with CN IX in the gustatory pathway? A. Geniculate ganglion B. Petrosal ganglion C. Nodose ganglion

B. Petrosal ganglion

Which ganglion is partnered with CN VII in the gustatory pathway? A. Geniculate ganglion B. Petrosal ganglion C. Nodose ganglion

A. Geniculate ganglion

Which ganglion is partnered with CN X in the gustatory pathway? A. Geniculate ganglion B. Petrosal ganglion C. Nodose ganglion

C. Nodose ganglion

Which nerve is responsible for the posterior 1/3 sensation of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

What is the 2nd order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM)

_______ represent the lowest concentration of a chemical that can be detected through olfaction or gustation

Olfactory or Gustatory Threshhold

Which substant has the lowest olfactory threshold?

Ammonia

Which taste has the lowest gustatory threshold

Bitter substances (Alkalinic)

TRUE OR FALSE: Our tongue is not divided into taste sensations.

True NOTE: This is because of the presence of saliva

Determine the taste of the following substance. 1. Sodium chloride 2. Sucrose 3. Hydrochloric acid 4. Saccharin 5. Strychnine hydrochloride A. Sweet B. Salt C. Sour D. Bitter

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D

The afferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)

The afferent nerve of the accommodation reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)

The efferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

The afferent nerve of the corneal reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)

The efferent nerve of the corneal reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)

The efferent nerve of the accommodation reflex is: A. Optic Nerve (CN II) B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1) D. Facial Nerve (CN VII) E. None of the above

B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

What is the direct response of the pupillary light reflex?

Constriction of pupil in the eye to which the light is directed

TRUE OR FALSE: In the accommodation reflex, there is a decrease in the curvature of lens.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The direct response of the corneal reflex is automatic eyelid closure/blink.

False NOTE: This is the consensual response

What is the Consensual Response of the eye in pupillary light reflex?

Constriction of pupil in the opposite eye

In the accommodation reflex, what happens to the pupil?

Constrict

TRUE OR FALSE: The Convergence in the Accommodation reflex has the eyes converge nasally to keep image focused on bilateral eyes

True