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(2) Neuroscience Laboratory > S3_L4: Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation > Flashcards

S3_L4: Vision, Olfaction, and Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The image of an object in the left field of vision is projected on the nasal half of the right retina and the temporal half of the left retina.

A

False

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2
Q

Arrange the following structures on how a person is able to see.

  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic tract
  3. Geniculocalcarine tract
  4. Lateral geniculate body
  5. Retina
  6. Visual cortex
  7. Optic chiasma
A

5172436

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3
Q

The following statements are true, EXCEPT:

A. The Optic nerve has more oligodendrocytes than Schwann cells
B. The Optic chiasma is part of the diencephalon
C. The Lateral geniculate body is a hypothalamic relay nucleus subserving vision
D. Light does not travel through the Lateral geniculate body alone
E. None of the above

A

C. The Lateral geniculate body is a hypothalamic relay nucleus subserving vision

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4
Q

Optic chiasma contains decussating fibers from the two (1)_______ hemiretina and non crossing fibers from the two (2)_______ hemiretina

A
  1. nasal
  2. temporal
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5
Q

Match the following arteries to the structure it supplies. You may choose 2 or more answers.

  1. anterior cerebral artery
  2. anterior choroidal artery
  3. posterior cerebral artery
  4. posterior communicating artery
  5. internal carotid artery

A. Optic tract
B. Lateral geniculate body
C. Optic chiasma

A
  1. C
  2. A and B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. C
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6
Q

Optic tract contains fibers from the (1)_______ temporal hemiretina and the (2)_______ nasal hemiretina

A
  1. ipsilateral
  2. contralateral
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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The lateral geniculate body purely receives light/ simple vision.

A

True

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Lateral geniculate body receives fibers from the ipsilateral temporal hemiretina, which terminate in layers 1,2, and 3. It also receives fibers from the contralateral nasal hemiretina, which terminate in layers 4,5, and 6.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

B. Both statements are false

IPSI - 2,3,5
CONTRA - 1,4,6

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9
Q

This constitutes the upper fibers of parietal fibers/ superior retinal quadrants is responsible for the inferior visual field.

A

Baram’s Loop

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10
Q

This constitutes the lower fibers of the temporal fibers/ inferior retinal quadrants are responsible for the superior visual field

A

Meyer’s Loop

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11
Q

The visual cortex corresponds to what Brodmann Area?

A

BA 17

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12
Q

The following statements are true about the visual cortex, EXCEPT:

A. Located on the banks of the calcarine sulcus
B. Receives retinal input via the ipsilateral LGB
C. Receives its blood supply from the calcarine artery, a branch of the anterior cerebral artery
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

C. Receives its blood supply from the calcarine artery, a branch of the anterior cerebral artery

NOTE: It is a branch of the posterior cerebral artery

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13
Q

Lesions in the visual cortex result in a contralateral (1)_______ with (2)_______.

TIP: fill the blanks with 2 words each.

A
  1. homonymous hemianopia
  2. macular sparing
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14
Q

Which contralateral fibers that crosses over at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal retinal fibers

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15
Q

Light does not travel through the LGB alone, it can also pass through the following structures, EXCEPT:

A. Superior colliculus
B. Pretectal nucleus
C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
D. Ventral lateral geniculate body
E. None of the above

A

E. None of the above

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16
Q

Match the following structures to its function.

  1. For pupillary light reflex and accommodation reflex
  2. Controls circadian rhythms, day and night interpretation
  3. Give signals to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus for constricting the pupil to focus on a certain object
  4. Responsible for rapid directional movement of the eyes
  5. Responsible for behaviour

A. Superior colliculus
B. Pretectal nucleus
C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
D. Ventral lateral geniculate body

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. B
  4. A
  5. D
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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The most widespread effects on vision occur where the nerve fibers of the visual pathway are tightly packed together

A

True

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18
Q

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged

  1. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
  2. Circumferential Blindness
  3. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. D
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19
Q

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged

  1. Binasal Hemianopia
  2. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness
  3. Homonymous quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. D
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20
Q

Match the following structures to the following condition that may arise when damaged. You may choose 2 or more.

  1. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
  2. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A. Optic Nerve
B. Optic Chiasm
C. Optic Tract
D. Optic Radiation
E. All

A
  1. C/D
  2. D
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21
Q

Damage to meyer’s loop on (L) results to (1)_______ (2)_______ quadrant hemianopia

A
  1. right
  2. superior
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22
Q

Damage on Baram’s loop ® results to (1)_______ (2)_______ quadrant hemianopia

A
  1. left
  2. inferior
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23
Q

Determine the condition.

Lesion on the lateral side and loses both nasal vision

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

A

B. Binasal Hemianopia

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24
Q

Determine the condition.

lesion on the ® temporal fibers or lesion on the (L) parietal fibers results to this

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

A

C. Homonymous quadrantanopia

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25
Q

Determine the condition.

Total lesion on one optic nerve of the same eye

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

A

E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

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26
Q

Determine the condition.

Caused by hysteria or optic neuritis which occurs following spread of infection from the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

A. Circumferential Blindness
B. Binasal Hemianopia
C. Homonymous quadrantanopia
D. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
E. Ipsilateral Mono-Ocular Blindness

A

A. Circumferential Blindness

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27
Q

Determine the condition.

Lesion on medial/central part that loses both temporal vision

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
B. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia
E. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

A

C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia

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28
Q

Determine the condition.

Blindness in half of the visual field with ipsilateral nasal and contralateral temporal affectation

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia
C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia

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29
Q

Determine the condition.

Parietal field (Cuneus) sees inferior vision

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia
C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A

B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

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30
Q

Determine the condition.

Temporal field (Lingual) sees superior vision

A. Contralateral Homonymous Hemianopia
B. Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia
C. Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopia
D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A

D. Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

31
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

  1. Works better at night
  2. Color-specifier
  3. RGB Scale
  4. Determines presence of light
  5. Photopsins

A. Rods
B. Cones

32
Q

Eyes synthesize ______ for us to be able to see

33
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

More present in the retina

A. Rods
B. Cones

34
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

Light Identifier

A. Rods
B. Cones

35
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

Determines color and fine detail

A. Rods
B. Cones

36
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

Works better at day

A. Rods
B. Cones

37
Q

Determine which structure is being described.

Gray Scale

A. Rods
B. Cones

38
Q

Determine which description fits how the eyes adapts.

  1. Adapt to dark area
  2. Dilate pupils
  3. Retinals converted to vitamin A
  4. Takes ~5-10 minutes
  5. Decrease photosensitivity to avoid eye damage

A. Light Adaptation
B. Dark Adaptation

39
Q

Determine which description fits how the eyes adapts.

  1. Switch over from rods to cones
  2. Vitamin A converted into retinals
  3. Increase photosensitivity to distinguish objects
  4. Switch over from cones to rods
  5. Retinal detach, decrease, & breaks down opsins, photochemicals

A. Light Adaptation
B. Dark Adaptation

40
Q

Light adaptation has decreased in (1)______, but increased in (2)______

A
  1. sensitivity
  2. acuity
41
Q

Overstimulation of rods causing _______

42
Q

All sensations will go to the (1)_____ except for (2)______.

A
  1. thalamus
  2. olfaction

NOTE: This is asked in the board exams.

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Olfaction can go to the thalamus because of the newer pathway.

44
Q

Determine which olfactory pathway is being described.

  1. For adverse toxic olfaction
  2. Basic olfactory reflex
  3. Does not pass through/synapse to the thalamus
  4. Avoidance, aversion, automatic responses, difference mechanism
  5. Analysis and conscious perception towards a scent

A. Primitive Pathway
B. Less Old Pathway
C. New Pathway

45
Q

Fill in the blanks of the Primitive Pathway.

Olfactory bulb → (1)_____ → septal nuclei of mid basal portion → (2)_______ or limbic system

A
  1. olfactory tract
  2. hypothalamus
46
Q

Fill in the blanks of the Less Old Pathway.

Olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → prepyriform or pyriform nucleus of (1)______ → anteromedial portion of (2)______

A
  1. amygdala
  2. temporal lobe
47
Q

Fill in the blanks of the New Pathway.

Olfactory bulb → olfactory tract → dorsomedial nucleus of (1)____ → lateroposterior quadrant of (2)______

A
  1. thalamus
  2. orbitofrontal cortex
48
Q

What is the 1st order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

A

Nucleus of solitary tract

49
Q

What is the 3rd order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

A

Lower tip of the postcentral gyrus (Gustatory Cortex)

NOTE: opercular insular area may also be the answer (based on other references)

50
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the anterior 2/3 sensation of the tongue?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

51
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the base of tongue up to pharynx?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

52
Q

Which ganglion is partnered with CN IX in the gustatory pathway?

A. Geniculate ganglion
B. Petrosal ganglion
C. Nodose ganglion

A

B. Petrosal ganglion

53
Q

Which ganglion is partnered with CN VII in the gustatory pathway?

A. Geniculate ganglion
B. Petrosal ganglion
C. Nodose ganglion

A

A. Geniculate ganglion

54
Q

Which ganglion is partnered with CN X in the gustatory pathway?

A. Geniculate ganglion
B. Petrosal ganglion
C. Nodose ganglion

A

C. Nodose ganglion

55
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the posterior 1/3 sensation of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

56
Q

What is the 2nd order neuron of the gustatory pathway?

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM)

57
Q

_______ represent the lowest concentration of a chemical that can be detected through olfaction or gustation

A

Olfactory or Gustatory Threshhold

58
Q

Which substant has the lowest olfactory threshold?

59
Q

Which taste has the lowest gustatory threshold

A

Bitter substances (Alkalinic)

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Our tongue is not divided into taste sensations.

A

True

NOTE: This is because of the presence of saliva

61
Q

Determine the taste of the following substance.

  1. Sodium chloride
  2. Sucrose
  3. Hydrochloric acid
  4. Saccharin
  5. Strychnine hydrochloride

A. Sweet
B. Salt
C. Sour
D. Bitter

62
Q

The afferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)

63
Q

The afferent nerve of the accommodation reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)

64
Q

The efferent nerve of the pupillary light reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

65
Q

The afferent nerve of the corneal reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)

66
Q

The efferent nerve of the corneal reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)

67
Q

The efferent nerve of the accommodation reflex is:

A. Optic Nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
C. Ophthalmic branch of Trigeminal nerve (V1)
D. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
E. None of the above

A

B. Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

68
Q

What is the direct response of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Constriction of pupil in the eye to which the light is directed

69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the accommodation reflex, there is a decrease in the curvature of lens.

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The direct response of the corneal reflex is automatic eyelid closure/blink.

A

False

NOTE: This is the consensual response

71
Q

What is the Consensual Response of the eye in pupillary light reflex?

A

Constriction of pupil in the opposite eye

72
Q

In the accommodation reflex, what happens to the pupil?

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Convergence in the Accommodation reflex has the
eyes converge nasally to keep image focused on bilateral eyes

(2) Neuroscience Laboratory (10 decks)

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