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(2) Neuroscience Laboratory > S1_L3: Neurons, Neuroglia, Development > Flashcards

S1_L3: Neurons, Neuroglia, Development Flashcards

1
Q

(1)_______ are the functional unit of the nervous system. (2)_______ are the supporting cells of neurons

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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2
Q

Match the following cells to its corresponding description.

  1. Presence of axons
  2. Decreases with age
  3. Capable of cell division
  4. Provide protection, metabolic, and structural support

A. Neurons
B. Neuroglia

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. B
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3
Q

Match the following cells to its corresponding description.

  1. Larger
  2. Excitable cells that make up the CNS and PNS
  3. Have granular structures
    4.5-10x more than the other

A. Neurons
B. Neuroglia

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
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4
Q

Match the following cells to its corresponding description.

  1. Non-excitable cells that make up the CNS and PNS
  2. Has no nissl bodies
  3. Do not undergo division and replication
  4. Allow reception of stimuli and the conduction of the nerve impulse

A. Neurons
B. Neuroglia

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
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5
Q

Neurons are classified
according to their (1)_______ and (2)_______

A
  1. shape
  2. size
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6
Q

Enumerate the shapes that a neuron may be classified as.

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Multipolar
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7
Q

Enumerate the sizes that a neuron may be classified as.

A
  1. Golgi Type I
  2. Golgi Type II
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8
Q

Match the following classification of neurons according to its shape.

  1. Single neurite divides a short distance from cell body
  2. Have a number of neurites arising from the cell body and one long axon
  3. Single neurite emerges from either end of cell body
  4. Have elongated cell bodies
  5. Have the same structural and functional characteristics of an axon

A. Unipolar
B. Bipolar
C. Multipolar

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
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9
Q

Match the kinds of neurons to its corresponding shape.

  1. Cells of the sensory cochlear and vestibular ganglia
  2. Purkinje cells
  3. Dorsal Root Ganglion
  4. Brain neurons
  5. Retinal bipolar cells

A. Unipolar
B. Bipolar
C. Multipolar

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Golgi type I neurons are also known as “microneurons.” These have a short axon that terminates in the neighborhood of the cell body or is entirely absent

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

B. Both statements are false

NOTE: These are descriptions for Golgi Type II

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11
Q

The following statements are true Golgi Type I and II, EXCEPT:

A. Golgi Type I have single long axon which forms the long fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and motor cells of spinal cord
B. Golgi Type II are often inhibitory in function
C. Golgi Type I are relatively greater in number compared to Golgi Type II
D. Golgi Type II have a star-shaped appearance due to the short dendrites
E. None of the above

A

C. Golgi Type I are relatively greater in number compared to Golgi Type II

NOTE: Golgi type 2 is relatively greater in number

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex are examples of Golgi Type II neurons

A

False

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex are examples of Golgi Type I neurons

A

True

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14
Q

Neuroglia, also known as (1)_______, are (2)_______ cells which aims to increase the effectiveness and functionality of neurons

A
  1. glial cells
  2. non-excitable
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15
Q

Determine if the following glial cells are found in the CNS or PNS.

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal Cells
  3. Schwann Cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
  5. Satellite Cells

A. CNS
B. PNS

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
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16
Q

Determine which description corresponds to the cells in the CNS.

  1. line the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
  2. serve as a scaffolding for the migration of immature neurons
  3. functions to assist in CSF circulation, secretion & production

A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. D
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17
Q

Determine which description corresponds to the cells in the CNS.

1.play an important role in the structure of the blood brain barrier
2. smallest of the neuroglial cells and are found scattered throughout the CNS
3. form the myelin sheath of nerve fibers in the CN

A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. B
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18
Q

Determine which description corresponds to the cells in the CNS.

  1. not present in healthy and normal CNS
  2. become the immune effector cells in inflammatory disease wherein they migrate to the site of the lesion
  3. have small cell bodies with branching processes that extend in all directions

A. Astrocytes
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells

A
  1. C
  2. C
  3. A
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19
Q

The following statements are true about the cells of the CNS, EXCEPT:

A. Astrocytes form a supporting framework for the nerve cells and nerve fibers
B. Oligodendrocytes are found in rows along unmyelinated nerve fibers and surround nerve cell bodies
C. Microglias are phagocytic in nature
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

B. Oligodendrocytes are found in rows along unmyelinated nerve fibers and surround nerve cell bodies

NOTE: They are found along MTYELINATED nerve fibers

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Astrocytes are divided into 2 types. The protoplasmic is found mainly in the white matter, where their processes pass between the nerve fibers

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C. Only the 1st statement is true

NOTE: This statement corresponds to the fibrous type

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21
Q

Ependymal Cells form a single layer of cells that are (1)_______ in shape, containing (2)_______ and (3)______ which contribute to the flow of the CSF

A
  1. cuboidal or columnar
  2. microvilli
  3. cilia
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22
Q

Microglia derived from _______ outside the nervous system

A

macrophages

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23
Q

Determine the type of astrocyte.

Processes pass between nerve cell bodies

A. Fibrous
B. Protoplasmic

A

B. Protoplasmic

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24
Q

Determine the type of astrocyte.

Processes are shorter, thicker, and more branched

A. Fibrous
B. Protoplasmic

A

B. Protoplasmic

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25
Q

Determine the type of astrocyte.

Found mainly in the white matter

A. Fibrous
B. Protoplasmic

A

A. Fibrous

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26
Q

Determine the type of astrocyte.

Found mainly in the gray matter

A. Fibrous
B. Protoplasmic

A

B. Protoplasmic

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27
Q

Myelin sheath made from oligodendrocytes acts like an (1)______ that greatly increases the (2)_____ of (3)_______

A
  1. insulator
  2. speed
  3. nerve conduction
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28
Q

What are the myelin-forming cells of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann Cells

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29
Q

What are the actions potential of neurons in general?

A. +60 mv
B. - 60 mv
C. +70 mv
D. -70 mv
E. None of the above

A

D. -70 mv

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30
Q

What are the actions potential of muscle in general?

A. +90 mv
B. - 90 mv
C. +120 mv
D. -120 mv
E. None of the above

A

B. - 90 mv

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31
Q

What are the actions potential of heavy myelinated neurons?

A. +70 mv
B. - 70 mv
C. +90 mv
D. -90 mv
E. None of the above

A

D. -90 mv

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32
Q

What are the actions potential of small heavily myelinated neurons?

A. -45 mv
B. -50 mv
C. -55 mv
D. -60 mv
E. None of the above

A

B. -50 mv

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33
Q

Determine whether the following channels are open in the specific phases of action potential.

  1. Na Activation Gate during RMP
  2. Na Activation during Gate Overshoot
  3. Potassium Channel during Repolarization
  4. Na Inactivation Gate during Hyperpolarization
  5. Potassium Channel during Overshoot

A. Open
B. Close

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
  5. A
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34
Q

Determine whether the following channels are open in the specific phases of action potential.

  1. Potassium Channel during RMP
  2. Na Inactivation Gate during Repolarization
  3. Na Activation Gate during Hyperpolarization
  4. Na Inactivation Gate during Overshoot
  5. Potassium Channel during Hyperpolarization

A. Open
B. Close

A
  1. B
  2. A (starting)
  3. B
  4. B
  5. B
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35
Q

Determine whether the following channels are open in the specific phases of action potential.

  1. Na Inactivation Gate during RMP
  2. Potassium Channel during Firing
  3. Na Activation Gate during Repolarization
  4. Na Inactivation Gate during Firing
  5. Na Activation Gate during Firing

A. Open
B. Close

A
  1. A
  2. A (slowly)
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
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36
Q

During development, the embryo differentiates into three layers:

  1. _______
  2. _______
  3. _______
A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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37
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and the liver.

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

C. endoderm

38
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

formed of columnar epithelium

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

A. ectoderm

39
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

gives rise to the muscle, connective tissues, and the vascular system

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

B. mesoderm

40
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

innermost layer

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

C. endoderm

41
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

third and outermost layer

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

A. ectoderm

42
Q

Determine the germ layer with the description below.

gives rise to the entire nervous system

A. ectoderm
B. mesoderm
C. endoderm

A

A. ectoderm

43
Q

The three layers of embryonic development initially forms the (1)_____, then (2)_____, and subsequently fusing into the (3)______.

A
  1. neural plate
  2. neural folds
  3. neural tube
44
Q

During the (1)______ week of development, the ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the embryo between the primitive knot and the buccopharyngeal membrane thickens to form the (2)______. This is (3)_____ shaped, wider cranially, and develops a longitudinal neural groove.

A
  1. third
  2. neural plate
  3. pear
45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The leading edge of the neural plates contains neural fold cells which differentiate into ganglion cells, Schwann cells, melanocytes, and cells of the suprarenal medulla.

A

False.

The leading edge of the neural FOLDS contains neural CREST cells which differentiate into ganglion cells, Schwann cells, melanocytes, and cells of the suprarenal medulla.

46
Q

This condition arises from the failure of closure of the posterior neuropore

A

spina bifida

47
Q

This condition arises from the failure of closure of the anterior neuropore

A

anencephaly

48
Q

Normally, the neural tube closure is complete within _____ days of gestation

A

28

49
Q

These are cells in the skin and eyes that produces and contains the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The neural crest is able to differentiate into the cells of the posterior root ganglia and sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves

A

True

51
Q

The proliferation of cells at the cephalic end of the neural tube causes it to dilate and form three primary brain vesicles: the (1)_____, (2)_______, and (3)______ vesicles. The rest of the tube elongates and remains smaller in diameter to form the (4)______.

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
  4. spinal cord
52
Q

Match the following.

Rhombencephalon

A. Forebrain vesicle
B. Midbrain vesicle
C. Hindbrain vesicle

A

C. Hindbrain vesicle

53
Q

Match the following.

Prosencephalon

A. Forebrain vesicle
B. Midbrain vesicle
C. Hindbrain vesicle

A

A. Forebrain vesicle

54
Q

Match the following.

Mesencephalon

A. Forebrain vesicle
B. Midbrain vesicle
C. Hindbrain vesicle

A

B. Midbrain vesicle

55
Q

Match the primary divisions to its subdivision.

Myelencephalon

A. Prosencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Rhombencephalon

A

C. Rhombencephalon

56
Q

Match the primary divisions to its subdivision.

Diencephalon

A. Prosencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Rhombencephalon

A

A. Prosencephalon

57
Q

Match the primary divisions to its subdivision.

Metencephalon

A. Prosencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Rhombencephalon

A

C. Rhombencephalon

58
Q

Match the primary divisions to its subdivision.

Telencephalon

A. Prosencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Rhombencephalon

A

A. Prosencephalon

59
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

Cerebral hemisphere

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Telencephalon

60
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

cerebellum

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Metencephalon

61
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

hypothalamus

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

62
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

crus cerebri

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

63
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

tegmentum

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

C. Mesencephalon

64
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

Pons

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

D. Metencephalon

65
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

Medulla oblongata

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

E. Myelencephalon

66
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

basal ganglia/nuclei

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

A. Telencephalon

67
Q

Determine where the following structures arises from.

pineal body & infundibulum

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Metencephalon
E. Myelencephalon

A

B. Diencephalon

68
Q

Determine which part of the brain can we following cavity be seen.

Third ventricle

A. Forebrain
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain

A

A. Forebrain

69
Q

Determine which part of the brain can we following cavity be seen.

Fourth Ventricle

A. Forebrain
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain

A

C. Hindbrain

70
Q

Determine which part of the brain can we following cavity be seen.

Lateral ventricle

A. Forebrain
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain

A

A. Forebrain

71
Q

Determine which part of the brain can we following cavity be seen.

Cerebral Aqueduct

A. Forebrain
B. Midbrain
C. Hindbrain

A

B. Midbrain

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The thalamus is derived from the midbrain

A

False

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The hippocampus is derived from the telencephalon

A

True

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Pons is derived from the forebrain

A

False

75
Q

Refinement of movement and Balance and equilibrium.

In which PRIMARY DIVISION is this found/ derived?

A

Rhombencephalon

NOTE: These are the functions of the cerebellum, which arises from the hindbrain

76
Q

Brodmann’s area 3,1,2 responsible for interpretation of sensations

In which SUBDIVISION is this found/ derived?

A

Telencephalon

77
Q

Sensory stimuli like vision and audition

In which SUBDIVISION is this found/ derived?

A

Diencephalon

78
Q

The following statements are true about multiple sclerosis, EXCEPT:

A. Demyelinating condition of the PNS
B. Progressive in nature
C. Loses saltatory conduction
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

A. Demyelinating condition of the PNS

NOTE: Oligodendrocytes are the ones targeted and lost; thus, it affects the CNS

79
Q

What structure gets initially destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Myelin Sheath

80
Q

In Multiple Sclerosis, which cells replaces the oligodendrocytes as the disease progresses?

A

Astrocytes

81
Q

This is a demyelinating condition of the PNS that is self-limiting

A

Guillain barre syndrome (GBS)

82
Q

In which gland is responsible for sleep and sexual drive

A

Pineal gland

83
Q

Where can the reticular system for arousal and consciousness be found?

A

brain stem

84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Astrocytes, which help form the blood-brain barrier, are excitable cells

A

False

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The dorsal root ganglion is an example of a bipolar neuron.

A

False

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Nerve cells, according to Guyton, have a resting membrane potential of 90 mV.

A

False

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Both the anterior and posterior neuropore closes by the 28th day of gestation.

A

True

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: On the 26th day of gestation, the posterior neuropore closes first, followed by the anterior neuropore.

A

False

89
Q

The pons is derived from what primary vesicle during the development of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

90
Q

Basal ganglia is developed from what primary division of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon

91
Q

In the early development of the brain, the thalamus came from what subdivision of the brain?

A

Diencephalon

(2) Neuroscience Laboratory (10 decks)

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