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(2) Neuroscience Laboratory > S1_L2: Cutaneous Receptors > Flashcards

S1_L2: Cutaneous Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

These provide input to nervous system and detect sensory stimuli such as touch, sound, light, pain, cold, and warmth

A

Cutaneous Receptors

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Mechanoreceptors detecting mechanical compression. It also detects the stretching of the receptor or of tissues adjacent to receptor.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A. Both statements are true

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3
Q

The following statements are true, EXCEPT:

A. Joint has a low threshold for mechanoreceptors
B. Krause’s End-Bulb and Hair End Organ are examples of mechanoreceptors
C. Mechanoreceptors are able to detect stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, and sound from internal environments
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

A. Joint has a low threshold for mechanoreceptors

NOTE: It has a high threshold

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4
Q

Match the following sensations subserved by the kinds of mechanoreceptors.

  1. tickle
  2. velocity of touch
  3. changes on texture
  4. continuous touch of objects against skin
  5. pain

A. Free Nerve Ending
B. Meissner’s corpuscles
C. Merkel’s discs

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. B
  4. C
  5. A
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5
Q

Match the following sensations subserved by the kinds of mechanoreceptors.

  1. constant indentation of the skin
  2. localized spatial sensations
  3. low frequency vibration
  4. light touch
  5. pressure

A. Free Nerve Ending
B. Meissner’s corpuscles
C. Merkel’s discs

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
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6
Q

Match the following sensations subserved by the kinds of mechanoreceptors.

  1. heavy prolonged touch
  2. movement of objects on the surface of the body
  3. cold
  4. rapid local compression of tissues
  5. movement of any hair in the body

A. Hair End Organ
B. Ruffini’s end organ
C. Pacinian Corpuscles
D. Krause’s End-Bulb

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. D
  4. C
  5. A
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7
Q

Match the following sensations subserved by the kinds of mechanoreceptors.

  1. tissue vibration
  2. initial contact with the body
  3. pressure signal
  4. perception of touch and pressure
  5. tension or stretch

A. Hair End Organ
B. Ruffini’s end organ
C. Pacinian Corpuscles
D. Krause’s End-Bulb

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
  4. D
  5. B
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8
Q

Skin tolerates until _______ºC until it burns

A

45

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Free nerve endings can be stimulated mechanically, thermally, and chemically

A

True

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10
Q

The following statements are true about free nerve endings, EXCEPT:

A. able to detect itch sensations
B. able to detect temperature
C. found in the cornea and everywhere in the superficial layer of the skin
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A

E. None of the above

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Meissner’s corpuscles are localized on the hairy areas of the skin. It is encapsulated in a myelin sheath and contain many branching nerve filaments within the capsule.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

NOTE: it is located in non0hairy areas such as the fingertips and lips

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12
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are located in areas where one’s ability to discern (1)_______ of (2)_______ sensations is highly developed

A
  1. spatial locations
  2. touch
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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Meissner’s corpuscles play an important role in discriminative touch and movement of objects over skin.

A

True

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14
Q

______ is a system of touch reading and writing for visually impaired persons in which raised dots represent the letters of the alphabet

A

Braille / Braille System

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Merkel’s discs have the same location as free nerve endings. It plays an important role in both two-point discrimination and localization of touch.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

D. Only the 2nd statement is true

NOTE: It has the same location as Meissner’s corpuscles, but is also present in skin with hair

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16
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are (1)_______ adapting receptors, while Merkel’s discs
are (2)_______ adapting receptors

A
  1. rapid
  2. slow
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17
Q

The entire group of Merkel’s discs is innervated by a single large myelinated nerve fiber. Which nerve fiber is being referred?

A

type Aβ

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18
Q

Merkel discs are often grouped together in this receptor organ. This causes the epithelium at this point to protrude outward, thus creating a dome. What is the structure being referred?

A

Iggo Dome Receptor

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19
Q

Topic: Hair End Organ

At the base of each (1)_______, a (2)_______ is entwined.

A
  1. hair follicle
  2. free nerve ending
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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ruffini’s end organ can detect warmth.

A

True

To remember: Ruff-init

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ruffini’s end organ are located in the deeper layers of skin. It is present in internal tissues such as joint capsules.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A. Both statements are true

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ruffini’s end organ also encapsulated in a myelin sheath. They are known to be fast adapting receptors.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C. Only the 1st statement is true

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23
Q

The following statements are true about Pacinian Corpuscles, EXCEPT:

A. also respond to superficial pressure and slow vibration
B. located immediately beneath the skin
C. located deep fascial tissues such as tendons and joints
D. encapsulated in a myelin sheath
E. None of the above

A

A. also respond to superficial pressure and slow vibration

NOTE: it responds to deep pressure and fast vibration

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24
Q

Krause’s End-Bulb are located where?

A

dermis and conjunctiva of the eye

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25
Q

These receptors are specialized in detecting changes in temperature, some receptors detecting cold, and others, warmth

A

Thermoreceptors

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26
Q

These receptors are specialized in detecting taste in mouth, smell in nose, O2 level in arterial blood, osmolality of fluids, CO2 concentration in body, and other factors making up chemistry of body

A

Chemoreceptors

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27
Q

These receptors are specialized in detecting light on the retina of the eye

A

Electromagnetic receptors

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28
Q

These receptors are specialized in detecting damage occurring in the tissues, whether physical or chemical damage

A

Nociceptors

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29
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are encapsulated receptors?

A
  1. Meissner’s corpuscles
  2. Pacinian Corpuscles
  3. Ruffini’s end organ
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30
Q

This principle talks about the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation

A

Labeled Line Principle

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A receptor can only transmit their own designated signal. However, when the threshold becomes too high, it can reach the pain receptor and send a nociceptive stimulus.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A. Both statements are true

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32
Q

This is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

A

Pain

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33
Q

Determine the kind of pain.

  1. diffused
  2. poorly localized
  3. electric pain
  4. projects in the thalamus and the cortex 3,1,2
  5. arise 1 second or more then increases slowly over many seconds to minutes

A. Fast pain
B. Slow Pain

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
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34
Q

Determine the kind of pain.

  1. well localized
  2. originates from skin and subcutaneous tissue
  3. bright sharp pain
  4. burning and throbbing pain
  5. can give emotional problem

A. Fast pain
B. Slow Pain

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. B
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35
Q

What pathway is responsible in transmitting fast pain?

A

neospinothalamic tract

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36
Q

What pathway is responsible in transmitting slow pain?

A

paleospinothalamic tract

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37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for fast pain?

38
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for slow pain?

A

substance p & glutamate

39
Q

What fibers are used to conduct fast pain?

A

a-delta fibers

40
Q

What fibers are used to conduct slow pain?

A

unmyelinated c fibers / Type 4

41
Q

Both fast and slow pain terminate at the ______

A

cerebral cortex

42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The greater rate of tissue metabolism, the faster time that pain will be felt.

43
Q

This tract allows extra fibers that will transmit pain and temperature sensation 2-3 segments above and below the segment

A

Posterior tract of Lissauer

44
Q

The following statements are true about Brown Sequard Syndrome, EXCEPT:

A. Patient cannot feel pain at the level of the lesion
B. C/L loss of pain and temperature sensations
C. Ipsilateral loss of proprioception
D. Ipsilateral loss of light touch
E. None of the above

A

A. Patient cannot feel pain at the level of the lesion

NOTE: In this syndrome, for example, if L2 is transected, pain sensation can still be felt because it can reach L3 and L1 segments.

45
Q

Sensory pathways terminate at the _________

A

primary somatosensory cortex (BA 3,1,2)

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Dorsal column is less myelinated than the anterior & lateral spinothalamic tracts

47
Q

What is the 1st order neuron of the DCML pathway?

A

dorsal root ganglion

48
Q

Neospinothalamic tract is also known as ___________,
while Paleospinothalamic tract is also known as

A
  1. lateral spinothalamic tract
  2. anterior spinothalamic tract
49
Q

Spinothalamic tracts are diffuse pathways concerned with _________sensations

A

non-discriminative

50
Q

Enumerate the three major tracts of the spinothalamic system.

A
  1. anterior spinothalamic tract
  2. lateral spinothalamic tract
  3. spino-reticular tract
51
Q

Match the tract and their sensations transmitted.

  1. pain and temperature
  2. crudely localized touch and pressure
  3. diffuse pain sensations

A. anterior spinothalamic tract
B. lateral spinothalamic tract
C. spino-reticular tract

52
Q

Determine which description fits the following pathways.

  1. Large, rapidly conducting afferent fibers
  2. Poor spatial orientation relative to origin of stimulus
  3. Originates from skin, joints, and tendons
  4. Precise localization
  5. Fibers cross and move up spinal cord, through medulla, pons, and midbrain

A. Anterolateral spinothalamic
B. Dorsal Column-
Medial Lemniscal

53
Q

This is a vascular lesion of thalamus resulting in sensory disturbances and partial/complete paralysis of one side, associated with severe, boring-type pain.

A

Thalamic syndrome

54
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Pain is produced by a non-noxious stimulus

A. Abarognosis
B. Allesthesia
C. Allodynia
D. Analgesia
E. Astereognosis

A

C. Allodynia

55
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Complete loss of pain sensitivity

A. Abarognosis
B. Allesthesia
C. Causalgia
D. Analgesia
E. Astereognosis

A

D. Analgesia

56
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Also known as Tactile Agnosia

A. Abarognosis
B. Allesthesia
C. Causalgia
D. Analgesia
E. Astereognosis

A

E. Astereognosis

57
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Inability to recognize shapes and form of an object by touch

A. Abarognosis
B. Allesthesia
C. Allodynia
D. Analgesia
E. Astereognosis

A

E. Astereognosis

58
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Inability to perceive temperature (hot/cold)

A. Thermanalgesia
B. Ageusia
C. Thigmanesthesia
D. Therm-hypesthesia
E. Therm-hyperesthesia

A

B. Thermanesthesia

59
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Decreased sensitivity to temperature

A. Thermanalgesia
B. Ageusia
C. Thigmanesthesia
D. Akinesthesia
E. Therm-hyperesthesia

A

D. Therm-hypesthesia

60
Q

Determine the impairment with the given description below.

Loss of light touch

A. Thermanalgesia
B. Ageusia
C. Thigmanesthesia
D. Akinesthesia
E. Therm-hyperesthesia

A

C. Thigmanesthesia

61
Q

Match the following impairments.

  1. Increased sensitivity to pain
  2. Decreased sensitivity to sensory stimuli
  3. Touch sensation is experienced as pain

A. Hypoalgesia
B. Hyperalgesia
C. Hyperesthesia
D. Hypesthesia
E. None of the above

62
Q

Match the following impairments.

  1. Abnormal sensation (numbness, tingling, pins and needles)
  2. Increased sensitivity to temperature
  3. Inability to perceive motion/position

A. Akinesthesia
B. Hyperalgesia
C. Paresthesia
D. Therm-hyperesthesia
E. None of the above

63
Q

Determine the impairment by the description given below.

Painful, burning sensations, usually along distribution of nerve (lower motor neuron lesion)

64
Q

Determine the impairment by the description given below.

Inability to localize sensation

A

Atopognosia

65
Q

Determine the impairment by the description given below.

Inability to perceive heat

A

Thermanalgesia

66
Q

Determine the impairment.

Loss of taste

A. Ageusia
B. Pallanesthesia

A

A. Ageusia

67
Q

Determine the impairment.

Touch sensation is experienced as pain

A. Dysesthesia
B. Pallanesthesia

A

A. Dysesthesia

68
Q

Determine the impairment.

Loss or absence of vibration sense (deep)

A. Allesthesia
B. Pallanesthesia

A

B. Pallanesthesia

69
Q

Determine the impairment.

Inability to recognize weight

A. Allesthesia
B. Abarognosis

A

B. Abarognosis

70
Q

Determine the impairment.

Sensation experienced at a site remote from point of stimulation

A. Hypoalgesia
B. Hyperesthesia
C. Allesthesia
D. Ageusia
E. Atopognosia

A

C. Allesthesia

71
Q

Determine the impairment.

Decreased sensitivity to pain

A. Hypoalgesia
B. Hyperesthesia
C. Allesthesia
D. Hypesthesia
E. Dysesthesia

A

A. Hypoalgesia

72
Q

Determine the impairment.

Increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli

A. Hypoalgesia
B. Hyperesthesia
C. Allesthesia
D. Hypesthesia
E. Dysesthesia

A

B. Hyperesthesia

73
Q

______ is a topographic representation of the sensory distribution of the body found in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory homunculus

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The sensory homunculus helps discerns small changes in texture. It is proportioned with equal sizes.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C. Only the 1st statement is true

75
Q

Match the Brodmann’s Areas

  1. BA 17
  2. BA 18
  3. BA 5&7

A. secondary somatosensory cortex
B. primary visual area
C. secondary visual area

76
Q

Which sensations do not terminated in BA 3,1,2?

A

olfactory and optic

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The brain can naturally secrete opium mediated substances to block the pain sensation.

78
Q

The _____ are opium mediated substances that the brain can secrete to block the pain sensation

79
Q

What are the transmitters involved in the analgesic system?

A

Enkephalin and Serotonin

80
Q

Activation of the analgesia system by nervous signals entering the (1)_____ and (2)_____ areas, or inactivation of pain pathways by (3)______, can almost totally suppress many pain signals entering through the (4)_______.

A
  1. periaqueductal gray
  2. periventricular
  3. morphine-like drugs
  4. peripheral nerves

Source: Guyton (Chapter 47-49)

81
Q

This theory tackles the opening and closing of gates in response to nociceptive and non nociceptive receptors

A

Gate Control Theory

82
Q

The gate control theory uses the stimulation of non nociceptive (1)______ to mask (2)______

A
  1. A fibers
  2. C fibers
83
Q

This structure is where
80% of sensation pass through and is activated by non-noxious stimuli

A

Substantia gelatinosa

84
Q

This system uses a fast stimulus to cover up and divert the sensation of pain that it is not as noxious as the previous one.

A

Pain induced masking system

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Enkephalin causes pre and post-synaptic inhibition of type A-delta and C pain fibers.

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Nerve tract for pressure can transmit different signals at multiple endpoints in the central nervous system

87
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex is Brodmann’s area/s?

88
Q

This mechanoreceptor can also detect warmth:

A

Ruffini’s end organ

89
Q

This is previously known as Paleospinothalamic tract

A

Anterior spinothalamic tract

90
Q

This mechanoreceptor can be found in the cornea

A

Free nerve ending

91
Q

The second order of DCML is (1)______ for UE and (2)_____ for LE

A
  1. cuneate nuclei
  2. gracile nuclei
92
Q

Based from the sensory homunculus, arrange the following from most sensitive to least

  1. lips
  2. thumbs
  3. trunk
  4. face
A

1423

Lips>Face>Thumbs>Trunk

(2) Neuroscience Laboratory (10 decks)

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