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(1) Physiology > S3_L2: The Heart as a Pump > Flashcards

S3_L2: The Heart as a Pump Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
  3. Ventricular Ejection
  4. Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
  5. Ventricular Filling
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2
Q

Determine whether the following factors increase or decrease the end-diastolic volume

  1. Increased negative intrathoracic pressure
  2. Increased venous tone & total blood volume
  3. Standing
  4. Increased pumping action of skeletal muscles
  5. Increased intrapericardial pressure

A. Increases
B. Decreases

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
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3
Q

Oxygen consumption of heart is determined by what 3 factors?

A
  1. Intramyocardial tension
  2. Contractile state of the myocardium
  3. Heart rate
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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Aortic pressure is 7x greater than pulmonary artery pressure

A

True

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Stroke work of the left ventricle is 7x the right ventricle

A

True

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6
Q

Enumerate the four factors that control cardiac output and state whether each factor is a cardiac or coupling factor.

A
  1. Heart Rate (cardiac factor)
  2. Myocardial Contractility (cardiac factor)
  3. Preload (coupling factor)
  4. Afterload (coupling factor)
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7
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

A

Cardiac output

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: During isovolumetric contraction, there is a rise in atrial pressure.

A

True

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiac outputs of both ventricles are equal

A

True

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Murmurs are heard due to narrowing of the orifice or regurgitation leading to a rippling effect, turbulent blood flow, and a vibration heard. This happens with valvular disease.

A

True

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hearing an S3 is normal.

A

False

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: (R) atrial systole occurs after (L) atrial systole.

A

False

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Sleep increases cardiac output

A

False

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The resting pressure in the pulmonary arteries is 10mmHg

A

True

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Pulse is weak during hemorrhage

A

True

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Myocardial contractility affects venous return

A

False

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If the aortic valve is stenosed, you would hear the murmur in systole.

A

True

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: RV ejection begins before LV ejection

A

True

Because of pressure since RV only needs 10 mmHg as compared to LV’s 80 mmHg

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Aging produces a faster pulse wave

A

True

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The A wave corresponds to the blood regurgitation into the veins during atrial systole

A

True

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If the semilunar valves are stenosed, the bruit will be heard during systole

A

True

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Heart rate and pulse rate should be equal

A

True

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood regurgitates to the great veins during atrial systole.

24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure

25
Q

How many phases does the cardiac cycle have?

26
Q

What happens during late diastole?

A

Both AV valves are open (mitral and tricuspid)

27
Q

The amount of blood pumped per beat

A

Stroke volume (SV)

28
Q

Covers the heart

A

Pericardium

29
Q

Enumerate the normal heart sounds

30
Q

Stenosis and regurgitation produce ___

31
Q

Exercise ___ the cardiac output

32
Q

70% of blood fills the ventricles passively because of the high pressure in the SVC, IVC, and pulmonary veins. Aortic & pulmonic valves are closed.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

B. Late diastole

33
Q

Ventricular pressure is very low.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

B. Late diastole

34
Q

Atria and ventricular filling
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

B. Late diastole

35
Q

Aortic and pulmonic valves open, part of ventricular systole, ejection is rapid then slowly declines as systole progresses. Intraventricular pressure rises to a maximum then declines (Peak of LV: 120 mmHg; peak of RV: 25 mmHg).
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

C. Ventricular ejection

36
Q

The remaining 30% of blood is pumped by the atria and an additional force is needed to pump the remaining 30% blood into the ventricles.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

D. Atrial systole

37
Q

Rapid build up pressure of the ventricles to overcome the pressure in aorta (80 mmHg) and in the pulmonary artery (10 mmHg)
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

38
Q

There is some regurgitation of blood to the great veins
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

D. Atrial systole

39
Q

The phase where both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed and the ventricular muscle initially shortens a little.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

40
Q

The phase where both AV valves and semilunar valves are open.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

41
Q

Relaxation of the ventricles, ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure but the AV valves are not yet open (Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation). Known as protodiastole and the ventricular pressure decreases in preparation for the opening of mitral and tricuspid valve so that blood will flow back again into the ventricles.
A. Early diastole
B. Late diastole
C. Ventricular ejection
D. Atrial systole
E. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
F. None

A

A. Early diastole

42
Q

Enumerate the instances where atrial pressure rises

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Early diastole
  3. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
43
Q

Why is isovolumetric ventricular contraction essential?

A

It is to build up pressure for ventricular ejection

44
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) - End systolic volume (ESV) = __?

A

Stroke volume (SV)

45
Q

Oxygen consumption of a beating heart at rest

A

9 ml/100g/min

46
Q

Law that explains the energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fiber and is proportionate to the end-diastolic volume. Preload, venous return, contractility of the heart will affect myocardial fiber shortening.

A

Frank-Starling Law

47
Q

The cardiac index is the correlation between resting cardiac output and body surface area. At any point in time, an organ receives ___ of blood

48
Q

Pericardial sac has ___ of clear fluid

49
Q

The end-diastolic ventricular volume is (1)___. The end-systolic ventricular volume is (2)___.

A
  1. 130 ml
  2. 50 ml (At the end of systole, not all of the blood are ejected)
50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: RV contraction starts after LV contraction

A

True

Left before right because left ventricle has more
force, thicker muscle, and greater pressure that it needs to overcome hence it must contract first

51
Q

During expiration, the (1)___ valves close simultaneously. Conversely, the (2)___ valve closes slightly before the pulmonic valve during inspiration.

A
  1. pulmonic and aortic valves
  2. aortic
52
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the heart sounds

  1. Closure of aortic & pulmonic valves; “dup” / “dub”
  2. Heard 1/3 of the way in diastole
  3. Ventricular hypertrophy; heard when atrial pressure is high or in the stiff ventricles
  4. Closure of AV valves; “lub”
  5. Rapid ventricular filling

A. First sound (S1)
B. Second sound (S2)
C. Third sound (S3)
D. Fourth sound (S4)

53
Q

Determine the corresponding timing of murmur during these specific abnormalities

  1. Aortic or pulmonic Insufficiency
  2. Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis
  3. Aortic or pulmonic Stenosis
  4. Mitral or Tricuspid Insufficiency

A. Systolic
B. Diastolic

54
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the waves (jugular pressure transmitted in the great veins)

  1. Rise in atrial pressure before AV valves open in diastole
  2. Due to atrial systole; Blood regurgitation
  3. Rise in atrial pressure due to bulging of the AV valves during isovolumetric contraction
  4. Venous inflow stops = rise in venous pressure

A. A wave
B. C wave
C. V wave

55
Q

Abnormal sounds heard in the vascular system due to turbulent blood flow. Heard in valvular diseases, such as stenosis, which is narrowing of the valve and it does not open properly, and regurgitation or insufficiency, which is when the valve does not close properly and backflow occurs.

A

Murmurs / Bruits

(1) Physiology (16 decks)

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