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(1) Physiology > S1_L2: Plasma Membrane, Basic Lipid Bilayer, Cytoskeleton, Membrane Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix > Flashcards

S1_L2: Plasma Membrane, Basic Lipid Bilayer, Cytoskeleton, Membrane Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

To serve as a structural support in axons is a major function of the

A

intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What does a microtubule look like?

A

Straight and hollow tubes

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cytoskeleton is a fixed structure

A

False

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4
Q

What region do the microtubules grow out from?

A

Centrioles

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5
Q

What are the names of the three types of fiber in the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Actin
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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6
Q

Acts as a track for motor proteins to walk on and shapes and supports the cell

A

Microtubules

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7
Q

Which is the thickest fiber?
A. Actin
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules

A

C. Microtubules

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8
Q

Which is the component of all cells?
A. Actin
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules

A

A. Actin

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9
Q

A globular protein that forms contractile motion and makes up the microfilaments

A

Actin

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10
Q

What do tight junctions form between membrane domains?

A

A ladder-like fence

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11
Q

What anchors the cell membrane laterally to another cell membrane?

A

Desmosomes

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12
Q

Gap junctions allow small (1)__ soluble molecules to move from (2)__ to (3)__

A
  1. Water
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cytoplasm
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13
Q

Connexons are also known as

A

Gap junctions

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14
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?
A. Fill up the spaces between cells
B. Reservoir for hormones
C. Provide structural framework
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

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15
Q

Connects the extracellular matrix to proteins within the plasma membrane

A

Fibronectin

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16
Q

Tight junctions are also known as

A

Occluding

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17
Q

These are gap junction family proteins

A

Connexins / connexons

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18
Q

How are intercellular spaces occluded?

A

Extracellular domains adhere

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19
Q

Channel forming junctions

A

Gap junctions

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20
Q

Enumerate the 4 functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. Maintains composition between contents of cell & its environment
  2. Acts as a site for signal transduction
  3. Provides a matrix for protein transport
  4. Provides molecular interaction
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21
Q

These make the plasma membrane impermeable to water & water
soluble substances

A

Membrane lipids

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22
Q

Forms the gate or boundary of the cell, has a 7.5 - 10nm thickness, and highly selective permeability.

A

Plasma membrane

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The extracellular fluid contains more sodium and calcium, while the intracellular fluid has more potassium, phosphate, and proteins.

A

True

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The extracellular environment is more positive than the intracellular environment because the
plasma membrane sets up ionic gradient
and sodium is more abundant on the
outside. The abundance of phosphate and proteins in the ICF also make it more negatively charged.

A

True

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25
Q

(1)__ gradients are electrical in nature, while (2)__ gradients are chemical in nature.

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Concentration
26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The plasma membrane is a “fluid-mosaic” model, where membrane lipids exhibit fluidity and can be bent.

27
Q

Contains 3/4 of the total extracellular fluid & salt content. It immediately bathes cell with nutrients.

A

Interstitium

28
Q

Determine the corresponding description of the extracellular matrix of the following structures

  1. ECM of bones
  2. ECM of skeletal muscle
  3. ECM of nerve cells
  4. ECM of the blood

A. Soft
B. Fluid
C. Hard

29
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the components of the extracellular matrix

  1. Ground substance of glycosaminoglycans &
    proteoglycans
  2. Laminin and fibronectin
  3. Shock-absorbing
  4. Collagen and elastin
  5. Bridge cells & fibrous proteins of CT

A. Fiber-forming elements
B. Packing elements
C. Adhesive proteins

30
Q

It fills up space between cells, serves as a reservoir for hormones & binds growth factor, participates in wound healing, and acts as a lattice for cell movement in differentiation.

A

Extracellular matrix

31
Q

Complex mechanisms of cell adhesion that permit individual cells to communicate. These are sites of contact between adjacent cells.

A

Membrane junctions

32
Q

Principal component of microtubules

32
Q

Long, hollow structures for transport of intracellular vesicles secretion, rapid assembly & disassembly. It forms the spindle in mitosis.

A

Microtubules

33
Q

Microtubules are associated with motions of hair-like extensions in respiratory tract, known as (1)___, and worm-like extensions (i.e., sperm cells,
uterine cells), known as (2)___.

A
  1. cilia
  2. flagella
34
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the ends of microtubules

  1. Increase of energy will attract microtubules
  2. No metabolic activity causes a drop in temperature
  3. Facilitated by cold at (-)
  4. Pre-formed protein is attached
  5. Facilitated of warmth; area of high
    metabolic activity

A. Assembly end
B. Disassembly end

35
Q

This permits cell motility, provides means by which organelles can move from one locus to another, and provides binding sites for RNA & proteins.

A

Cytoskeleton

36
Q

These link together at z-disks of myofibrils and link dense bodies in smooth muscles. These also connect the nuclear membrane to cell membrane and interconnect spot desmosomes in epithelial cells.

A

Intermediate filaments

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Gap junctions / nexuses don’t undergo paracrine signaling. Additionally, it won’t go out of the cell, unlike the desmosome and tight
junctions.

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The opening & closing of gap junctions / nexuses can be regulated by the necessity of ions to pass through.

39
Q

Junctions that are smaller, more local, and oval-shaped cell contact. These have reduced intercellular space and do not have access to ECF.

A

Gap junctions / Nexuses

40
Q

Ladder-like proteins at site of contact of 2 cells to stabilize the cells toward each other. These are found at the apical regions of epithelial cells and form a band around the entire cell circumference.

A

Tight junctions / Occluding junctions / Zonula occludens

41
Q

Gates that allow some particles to pass through, such as water. These are only found in the apical portions, gastrointestinal area, skin cells, and epithelial cells.

A

Paracellular gates

42
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the anchoring junctions

  1. Found between desmosomes and
    hemidesmosomes
  2. Connected laterally to each other but should also be connected to the base
  3. Bind cells to extracellular matrix of basal lamina via transmembrane linker glycoproteins
  4. Are macula adherens
  5. ladder-like areas occupying long stretches of the membrane

A. Desmosomes
B. Zonula adherens
C. Spot desmosome
D. Hemidesmosome
E. Desmogleins

43
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the anchoring junctions

  1. Found in areas subject to tense stresses and stretch (e.g., skin, GI cells, skeletal muscle)
  2. Attach with spot desmosome protein in the middle of the
    desmosome
  3. Disk-shaped areas of contact between cells
  4. Intracellular attachment protein links the transmembrane proteins to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

A. Desmosomes
B. Zonula adherens
C. Spot desmosome
D. Hemidesmosome
E. Desmogleins

44
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the 3 major types of lipids

  1. Sugar added to fats
  2. Has a kink or joint (unsaturated fatty acids)
  3. abundant in mammalian cells
  4. absent in the inner mitochondrial membrane & other intercellular membranes
  5. makes hydrocarbon chains near polar heads partly immobilized

A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Glycolipids

45
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the 3 major types of lipids

  1. has a hydrophobic planar steroid ring & hydrocarbon tails
  2. make membrane more hydrophilic because it attracts more water
  3. makes membrane less fluid at 37°C & keeps membrane more fluid at <35°C
  4. carbohydrates covalently bound to membrane lipids
  5. found in between phospholipid heads

A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Glycolipids

46
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the motions of lipid structures

  1. Explains cellular expansion & growth and occurs 107 times per second
  2. It doesn’t produce a gap in the bilayer and movement is like a Swiss knife
  3. Occurs about the long axis & very rapidly
  4. Molecule moves from one monolayer to another, occurs once a month
  5. Occurs particularly near the center of the bilayer

A. Lateral diffusion
B. Rotation
C. Flexion
D. Flip-flop

47
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the 2 general types of membrane proteins

  1. interlacing with the polar heads of the lipids
  2. amphipathic
  3. found in either side, could be intracellularly or extracellularly
  4. no flip-flop motion
  5. anchored to only one of the leaflets of the membrane

A. Integral proteins
B. Peripheral proteins

48
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the membrane carbohydrates

  1. Found in nerve cells & intestinal cells
  2. Attached to phospholipids
  3. Found in myelin sheaths
  4. Attached to protein

A. Galactocerebroside
B. Gangliosides
C. Glycoprotein
D. Glycolipid

49
Q

These are found on the outer half of the bilayer and make both lipids & proteins more hydrophilic.

A

Membrane carbohydrates

50
Q

Enumerate the 7 functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Transport
  3. Receptors
  4. Structural
  5. Pumps
  6. Channels
  7. Antigens
51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All phospholipids are amphipathic

A

True

Amphipathic: polar head and nonpolar tail

52
Q

Determine the corresponding details of the 2 general types of membrane proteins

  1. Span the both membranes intracellularly and extracellularly
  2. bind covalently with phospholipids or fatty acyl chains
  3. not amphipathic
  4. Undergo lateral diffusion
  5. associate with polar regions of the membrane

A. Integral proteins
B. Peripheral proteins

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cholesterol tends to slow down lateral mobility.

54
Q

major histocompatibility proteins and cellular identity markers

55
Q

Increased proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids tend to keep the fluidity of the membrane in ___
temperatures

56
Q

Saturated fatty acids form ___ and make membrane more viscous and easier to pack.

A

straight hydrocarbons

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hydrocarbon chains are more difficult to pack together

58
Q

Oil does not mix with water because of ___. When the oil is forcibly mixed with water, this breaks the oil.

A

micelle formation

59
Q

Phospholipids & glycolipids diffuse laterally & rotate d/t fatty acids with ___ hydrocarbons form kinks

A

unsaturated

(1) Physiology (16 decks)

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