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(1) Physiology > S2_L4: The Neuromuscular Junction, Neurotransmitters, and Neuromodulators > Flashcards

S2_L4: The Neuromuscular Junction, Neurotransmitters, and Neuromodulators Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of alpha motor neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

What do you call the depressions where the axon terminal imbeds?

A

Motor-end plate

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3
Q

What is peculiar with the NMJ?

A

It has junctional folds

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The NMJ has active zones and dense bars

A

True

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A propagated potential is always produced at the NMJ

A

True

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Even at rest, small quanta of ACh is released at the NMJ of skeletal muscle

A

True

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The NMJ of smooth and cardiac muscles have
recognizable end plates

A

False

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The axon terminal in the NMJ of smooth muscles contain many neurotransmitters.

A

True

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: It is possible to produce inhibitory end-plate potentials at the NMJ of skeletal muscles

A

False

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The synapse en passant can produce inhibitory potentials in smooth muscles

A

True

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The more receptors, the more selective the neurotransmitters are

A

True

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: There are receptors found in the presynaptic cell

A

True

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are cation channels

A

True

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Reuptake mechanisms serve to terminate
neurotransmission

A

True

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Metabotropic receptors are complex cation channels

A

False

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The AMPA and Kainate Receptors are simple cation channels found in glial cells & neurons that permit Na+ influx & K+ efflux.

A

True

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17
Q

What do you call a transient depolarization at the NMJ where each nerve impulse releases 60 ACh vesicles?

A

End-plate potential

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Antibodies attach to ACh receptors

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19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Eaton-Lambert Syndrome?

A

Antibodies attack the presynaptic calcium channels

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: A clinical manifestation of myasthenia gravis is near normal strength at first then gradually weakens.

A

True

21
Q

What do you call the NMJ found in smooth and cardiac muscles?

A

Synapse en passant

22
Q

What cholinergic receptors are found in skeletal muscles?

A

Nicotinic

23
Q

What cholinergic receptors are found in smooth muscles?

A

Muscarinic

24
Q

What enzyme forms Ach?

A

Choline acetyltransferas

25
Q

What do you call neurons that have norepinephrine as their transmitter?

A

Noradrenergic

26
Q

From what amino acid does the catecholamines get synthesized from?

A

Tyrosine

27
Q

What neurotransmitter is for temperature regulation, sensory
perception, and onset of sleep?

A

Serotonin

28
Q

What neurotransmitter is for arousal and sexual behavior?

A

Histamine

29
Q

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
A. Glutamate
B. Aspartate
C. Glycine
D. GABA

A

D. GABA

30
Q

What receptors are the ones with Mg++ ion block?

A

NMDA

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for redness of the skin?

A

Substance P

32
Q

What synaptic learning is responsible for short term memory?

A

Post-tetanic potentiation

33
Q

What receptor is stimulated for long-term memory?

A

NMDA

34
Q

Biological transducers that convert electrical energy to chemical energy

A

Neurotransmitters

35
Q

Which of the following are excitatory NTs?
A. Glutamate
B. Aspartate
C. Glycine
D. GABA
E. A and B
F. A, B, and C

A

F. A, B, and C

36
Q

In the bronchioles, norepinephrine will act via ___ and bronchodilation results.

A

Alpha 1 (for respiratory tract)

37
Q

In the vascular system, norepinephrine will act via ___ and vasoconstriction results.

A

Alpha 2 (for blood vessels)

38
Q

In the chambers of the heart, norepinephrine will act via ___ to produce faster heart rate and good quality contractions.

A

Beta 1 and Beta 2

39
Q

Receptors that decrease cAMP and increase potassium
conductance, potassium exits the cardiac muscle
and is hyperpolarized. These receptors decrease activity of the
heart and come from innervation of vagus nerve.

A

M2 receptors (Muscarinic 2)

40
Q

When ACh will be exocytosed, it is acted upon by an enzyme in the postsynaptic membrane called ___ to break it down into choline and acetate.

A

acetylcholinesterase

41
Q

A neurotransmitter released by endothelium of blood vessels. It acts as a vasodilator and it is used in the management of acute hypertension. It also mediates long-term depression in synaptic plasticity and learning.

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

42
Q

Serotonin (5-HT) is inactivated by ___

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

43
Q

Dopamine has 5 receptors. Enumerate those that increase and those that decrease cAMP.

A

Increase cAMP: D1 & D5
Decrease cAMP: D2, D3, & D4

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Norepinephrine has more affinity to the beta adrenergic receptors.

A

False

45
Q

When there is epinephrine in an area, what occurs?

A

(+) chronotropic effect, (+) inotropic effect

46
Q

To form acetylcholine in the presynaptic cell, choline is combined with ___ which will be acted upon by choline acetyltransferase

A

Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

47
Q

Cocaine inhibits ___ uptake which creates hallucination

A

dopamine

48
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, once a nerve gets
denervated (underwent wallerian degeneration), the muscle is contracting uncontrollably but is a nonfunctional contraction, known as ___

A

Fasciculations

49
Q

Betablockers, with the suffix -olols, block the binding of ___ to beta receptors. These are considered good antihypertensive drugs.

A

Norepinephrine

(1) Physiology (16 decks)

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