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(1) Organ Anatomy > S2_L4: Accessory Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

S2_L4: Accessory Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate the 3 constrictions of the ureter

A
  1. Where renal pelvis joins the ureter in the abdomen
  2. Where it is kinked as it crosses pelvic brim (when it goes into the pelvic cavity)
  3. Where it pierces the bladder wall
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2
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the cells of the pancreatic islets

  1. Produces insulin
  2. Secretes somatostatin
  3. Produces glucagon

A. Alpha cells
B. Beta cells
C. Delta cells

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
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3
Q

The quadrate and caudate lobes of the right lobe of the liver is divided by the presence of what 3 structures?

A
  1. Gallbladder
  2. Ligamentum venosum
  3. Ligamentum teres
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4
Q

The lobules of the liver are its functional units consisting of hepatocytes arranged around the ___.

A

central vein

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5
Q

Two layer fold located at the anterior abdominal wall, found between right and left lobes of liver. Divides the liver into 2 lobes.

A

Falciform ligament

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6
Q

Known as the Round ligament. It is the free border of falciform ligament which is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus in utero and becomes fibrous cords at birth. It passes into a fissure on the visceral surface of the liver and joins left branch of the portal vein in porta hepatis.

A

Ligamentum teres

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7
Q

Reflections of the parietal peritoneum and merges with the right upper layer of the falciform ligament. it suspends the liver from the diaphragm.

A

Coronary ligament

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8
Q

The sinusoids of the liver contain ___ that act as garbage collectors and have phagocytes that destroy worn out white blood cells, non-functional red blood cells, bacteria, and foreign matter in the venous blood draining from GIT.

A

Kupffer cells

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9
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the following structures

  1. Ends below by piercing the medial wall of the second part of the duodenum about halfway down its length
  2. Tube/canal that would convey the bile stored in the gallbladder into the common bile duct
  3. Emerges from right lobe of liver
  4. Somewhat S-shaped, connects neck of gallbladder to common hepatic duct to form the bile duct
  5. Emerges from left lobe of liver
  6. Joined on the right side by the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the bile duct.

A. Common hepatic duct
B. Right hepatic duct
C. Left hepatic duct
D. Cystic duct
E. Bile duct

A
  1. E
  2. D
  3. B
  4. D
  5. C
  6. A
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10
Q

This structure opens into the lumen of the duodenum by means of major duodenal papilla. The main pancreatic duct joins this, and together, they open into a small ampulla in the duodenal wall.

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)

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11
Q

The circular muscle around the ampulla and terminal parts of both bile and pancreatic ducts that open separately into the duodenum.

A

Sphincter of Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi)

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12
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the parts of the gallbladder

  1. Directed upward, backward, and to the left
  2. In contact with visceral surface of the liver
  3. Rounded and projects below inferior margin of liver
  4. Continuous with the cystic duct, which turns into the lesser omentum to join the common hepatic duct, to form the bile duct
  5. Comes in contact with the anterior abdominal wall

A. Fundus
B. Body
C. Neck

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. C
  5. A
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13
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the pancreatic ducts

  1. Drains the upper part of the head and then opens into the duodenum at minor duodenal papilla
  2. Aka Duct of Wirsung
  3. Opens into 2nd part of duodenum at about its middle with bile duct on major duodenal papilla
  4. Sometimes, it drains separately into the duodenum
  5. Aka Duct of Santorini
  6. Exit together with common bile duct through the ampulla

A. Main pancreatic duct
B. Accessory duct

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
  6. A
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14
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the right ureter

  1. right colic and ileocolic vessel
  2. bifurcation of right common iliac artery
  3. right testicular (ovarian) artery
  4. terminal part of ileum
  5. psoas separating it from lumbar transverse process
  6. root of mesentery of small intestine

A. Anterior
B. Posterior

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
  6. A
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15
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the left ureter

  1. bifurcation of left common iliac artery
  2. sigmoid colon and mesocolon
  3. left colic vessels
  4. left testicular (ovarian) vessels

A. Anterior
B. Posterior

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
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16
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the left kidney

  1. subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves
  2. spleen, suprarenal gland
  3. psoas, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis
  4. coils of duodenum
  5. stomach, pancreas
  6. 11th and 12th rib

A. Anterior
B. Posterior

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
  6. B
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17
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the right kidney

  1. 2nd part of duodenum
  2. diaphragm, costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
  3. liver
  4. 12th rib
  5. right colic flexure
  6. psoas, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis

A. Anterior
B. Posterior

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
  6. B
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18
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the spleen

  1. Diaphragm
  2. left colic flexure
  3. left pleura (costodiaphragmatic recess)
  4. left kidney (at medial border)
  5. left lung and 9th to 11th rib
  6. Stomach

A. Anteriorly
B. Posteriorly

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
  6. A
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19
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the pancreas

  1. stomach
  2. origin of superior mesenteric artery
  3. transverse colon
  4. bile duct, portal and splenic veins, IVC, aorta
  5. lesser sac
  6. hilum of spleen

A. Anteriorly
B. Posteriorly

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
  6. B
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20
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the gallbladder

  1. transverse colon
  2. inferior surface of the liver
  3. anterior abdominal wall
  4. first and second parts of the duodenum

A. Anteriorly
B. Posteriorly

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
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21
Q

Determine the corresponding relationships of the liver

  1. lower margins of both lungs
  2. gallbladder, duodenum
  3. hepatic flexure of the colon
  4. right and left pleura
  5. diaphragm
  6. fundus of the stomach

A. Anteriorly
B. Posteriorly
C. Both

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. C
  6. B
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22
Q

The funnel-shaped expanded upper end of ureter located within the hilum of kidney. It receives major calyces.

A

Renal pelvis

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23
Q

Determine the corresponding blood supply of the ff structures

  1. Hepatic artery (30%) - brings oxygenated blood
  2. Cystic artery (right hepatic artery)
  3. Hepatic artery (from celiac) divides into right and left terminal branches entering porta hepatis
  4. Splenic and superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

A. Liver
B. Gallbladder
C. Pancreas
D. Bile duct

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. C
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24
Q

Determine the corresponding venous drainage of the ff structures

  1. Cystic vein drains directly to portal vein
  2. Drains to portal system
  3. Central vein drains to right and left hepatic vein
  4. Portal vein divides into right and left terminal branches that enter porta hepatis behind the arteries

A. Liver
B. Gallbladder
C. Pancreas
D. Bile duct

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. A
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25
Q

Determine the corresponding nerve supply of the ff structures

  1. Anterior vagal trunk gives rise to a large hepatic branch (passes directly to liver)
  2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) nerves form celiac plexus

A. Liver
B. Gallbladder
C. Pancreas
D. Bile duct
E. B, C, and D

26
Q

Determine the corresponding blood supply of the kidney

  1. Supplies each renal pyramid
  2. Ascends in cortex
  3. Supplies cortex
  4. Direct branch from aorta at the level of L2
  5. Found at bases of pyramids
  6. Enters the hilum

A. Renal artery
B. Segmental arteries
C. Lobar artery
D. Interlobar arteries
E. Arcuate artery
F. Interlobular arteries
G. Afferent glomerular arterioles

A
  1. C
  2. F
  3. D
  4. A
  5. E
  6. B
27
Q

Determine the corresponding lymphatics of the ff structures

  1. Drains to the lateral aortic lymph nodes around renal artery
  2. Drains to lateral aortic nodes and iliac nodes
  3. From hilum pass through few lymph nodes along the course of the splenic artery and drain into celiac nodes
  4. Drains to lateral aortic nodes

A. Kidneys
B. Suprarenal glands
C. Ureters
D. Spleen

28
Q

Determine the corresponding nerve supply of the ff structures

  1. Afferent fibers travel with sympathetic nerves and enter spinal cord in L1 and L2 segments
  2. Nerves accompany splenic artery, derived from the celiac plexus
  3. Sympathetic plexus; Afferent fibers travel, renal plexus enters spinal cords T10, T11, T12
  4. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from the splanchnic nerves
  5. Renal, testicular (or ovarian) and hypogastric plexus (in pelvis)

A. Kidneys
B. Suprarenal glands
C. Ureters
D. Spleen

29
Q

Determine the corresponding blood supply of the ureters

  1. Upper end of ureter
  2. Middle part of ureter
  3. Lower part or in pelvis

A. Testicular or ovarian artery
B. Superior vesical artery
C. Renal artery

30
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the suprarenal glands

  1. Rests posteriorly on diaphragm
  2. Extends along medial border of left kidney from upper pole to hilum
  3. Caps on upper pole
  4. Lies behind pancreas, lesser sac, stomach
  5. Lies behind right lobe of liver and extends medially behind inferior vena cava

A. Right suprarenal gland
B. Left suprarenal gland
C. Both

31
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the aortic plexuses

  1. Its ganglia receive greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (preganglionic sympathetic fibers)
  2. Around the abdominal part of the aorta
  3. Consists mainly of two celiac ganglia
  4. Forms the celiac plexus, renal plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, inferior mesenteric plexus
  5. Receives parasympathetic fibers from sacral parasympathetic nerves

A. Aortic plexus
B. Celiac plexus
C. Renal and Superior Mesenteric Plexuses

32
Q

Determine the corresponding lymphatics of the ff structures

  1. Lymph vessels leave the liver and enter several lymph nodes in the porta hepatis
  2. Drains to cystic lymph, then to hepatic nodes and then to celiac nodes
  3. Lymph nodes along the arteries; efferent vessels drain to celiac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes
  4. Efferent vessels pass to the celiac nodes
  5. A few vessels pass from bare area of liver through the diaphragm to the posterior mediastinal lymph nodes

A. Gallbladder
B. Pancreas
C. Bile duct

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The liver produces a large amount of lymph, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of all body lymph.

34
Q

The mucous membrane of the cystic duct is raised to form a spiral fold that is continuous with a similar fold in the neck of the gallbladder. This is to keep the lumen constantly open. This fold is called the ___.

A

Spiral valve

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When digestion is not taking place, the sphincter of Oddi remains closed, and bile accumulates.

36
Q

Contraction of the gallbladder ejects bile into the ___ duct.

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The bile salts in the bile are important in emulsifying the fat in the intestine and in assisting with its digestion and absorption.

38
Q

The spleen has a notched anterior border and passes to the left kidney as the ___.

A

splenorenal ligament

39
Q

The hilum is a vertical slit in the medial concave border of kidney that transmits structures. Arrange those structures in an order from anterior to posterior.

Choices: ureter, 3rd branch of renal artery, 2 branches of the renal artery, renal vein

A
  1. Renal vein
  2. 2 branches of the renal artery
  3. Ureter
  4. 3rd branch of renal artery
40
Q

The lymph vessels and sympathetic fibers that pass the hilum of the kidney extend into a large cavity known as the ___.

A

Renal sinus

41
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the regions of each kidney

  1. Contains the renal papilla
  2. Space in the hilum that contains the renal pelvis
  3. Contains the renal pyramids
  4. Extends into the medulla between adjacent pyramids as the renal columns
  5. Divides into 2 or 3 major calyces, each of which divides into 2 or 3 minor calyces
  6. Contains the medullary rays

A. Renal sinus
B. Outer cortex
C. Inner medulla

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
  5. A
  6. C
42
Q

The apex of the medulla that faces medially, indenting each minor calyx

A

Renal papilla

43
Q

Refers to the striations extending from bases of renal pyramids into the cortex

A

Medullary rays

44
Q

Urine is propelled along the ureter by peristaltic contractions, assisted by the filtration pressure of what structure?

A

Glomeruli

-Tiny network of blood vessels that are the “cleaning units” of the kidney

45
Q

The union of common iliac veins behind right common iliac artery at the level of L5. It ascends on the right side of aorta and pierces the central tendon at the level of T8.

A

Inferior vena cava

46
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ff lymphatics

  1. Drain from kidneys, suprarenal, testes or ovaries, uterine tubes and fundus of uterus
  2. Below diaphragm in front of the first 2 lumbar vertebrae and on right side of aorta
  3. Drain nodes from lower third of esophagus to halfway down anal canal, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, greater part of liver
  4. Begins in the abdomen as an elongated lymph sac (cisterna chyli)
  5. Deep lymph vessels from abdominal wall, common iliac nodes

A. Preaortic lymph nodes (celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric nodes)
B. Para-aortic or lateral aortic lymph nodes
C. Thoracic Duct

47
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ff veins

  1. Joins superior mesenteric vein behind neck of pancreas to form the portal vein
  2. Begins halfway down anal canal as superior rectal vein
  3. Joined by short gastric and left gastro-omental veins
  4. Receives the inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein and the right gastroepiploic vein

A. Splenic Vein
B. Superior Mesenteric Vein
C. Inferior Mesenteric Vein

48
Q

Extends from T12 and 12th rib to sacrum and iliac crest. It contains the ureters, renal and gonadal blood vessels. Its anterior wall forms a bed for suprarenal glands, kidneys, ascending and descending colon, duodenum.

A

Retroperitoneal space

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Kidneys move upward in a vertical direction by as much as 1 in. when diaphragm contracts.

A

False. Move downward

50
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the branches of the external iliac artery

  1. Above the inguinal ligament
  2. Passes upward and medially along medial margin of deep inguinal ring
  3. Ascends laterally to ASIS and iliac crest
  4. Enters the rectus sheath behind rectus abdominis
  5. Supplying the muscles of anterior abdominal wall

A. Deep circumflex iliac artery
B. Inferior epigastric artery

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: From the hilum of each suprarenal gland, it drains to inferior vena cava on the right and renal vein on the left.

52
Q

The lumbar plexus is
formed by anterior rami of upper four lumbar nerves and emerges from the lateral border of the psoas. Its anterior rami give off (1)___ rami communicantes to sympathetic trunk and the upper two rami receive (2)___ rami communicantes from the sympathetic trunk.

A
  1. gray
  2. white
53
Q

The genitofemoral nerve (L1 and 2) emerges on the ___ surface of psoas.

54
Q

The smallest interlobular tributaries of bile ducts are situated in the portal canals of the liver and receive ___.

A

bile canaliculi

55
Q

It is found in the posteroinferior surface of the liver between caudate and quadrate lobes. It
demarcates the caudate and quadrate lobes.

A

Hilum or Porta Hepatis

56
Q

Enumerate the contents of the Hilum or Porta Hepatis

A
  1. Right and left hepatic ducts
  2. Right and left branches of hepatic arteries
  3. Portal vein
  4. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
  5. Few hepatic lymph nodes
57
Q

Filtered blood from the sinusoids of the liver drain to the ___

A

central vein

58
Q

At what vertebral level does the aorta divide / bifurcate into 2 common iliac arteries?

59
Q

Enumerate the 5 lateral abdominal wall branches of the aorta

A
  1. Inferior phrenic artery / vein
  2. 4 lumbar arteries / veins
60
Q

Enumerate the 3 anterior visceral branches of the aorta and their corresponding vertebral levels

A
  1. Celiac artery (T12)
  2. Superior mesenteric artery (L1)
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)
61
Q

Enumerate the 3 lateral branches of the aorta

A
  1. Suprarenal artery
  2. Renal artery
  3. Gonadal artery (testicular or ovarian)

(1) Organ Anatomy (11 decks)

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