S2_L1: Growth and Development Flashcards by MindMed Official

Q

The perinatal period or “period of
growth” is from the (1)___ week of gestation to the first (2)___ after birth

A

20th
six days

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Q

The Neonatal Period is the first ___ days after birth

A

28 (~4 wks after birth)

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Q

Enumerate the 3 age groups under five

A

Early infancy
Later infancy (toddler)
Pre-school

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Q

Early infancy is from under 1 month to ____

A

1 year

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Q

Later infancy / Toddler is from what age range?

A

2-3 years old

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Q

Pre-school age group is from what age range?

A

4-5 years old

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Q

Adolescence age group is from what age range?

A

10-19 years old

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Q

School age is from what age range?

A

6-9 years old

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Q

In infancy, growth of what body structure is the fastest?

A

Head

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Q

The typical 2-3 year old has mild _____ with a protuberant abdomen.

A

lumbar lordosis

Additional: By early school age, increased abdominal strength leads to a more mature pelvic alignment and decreased lordosis.

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Q

CoG of newborns

A

Xiphoid process

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Q

CoG shifts to where in late childhood?

A

In front of the sacral promontory [S2]

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Diabetic mother

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

A. Pre-natal environment

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Placental implantation

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

B. Related to fetus

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Nutritional

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

A. Pre-natal environment

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Radiation, infection

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

A. Pre-natal environment

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Malposition

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

B. Related to fetus

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Socio-economic status

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

C. Post-natal environment

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Q

Factor affecting growth and development: Number of siblings, child’s nutrition

A. Pre-natal environment
B. Related to fetus
C. Post-natal environment

A

C. Post-natal environment

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Q

Neurologic deficit characterized by delayed mental capacity that is due to the mother’s infection with chickenpox early during pregnancy

A

Congenital varicella syndrome

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Q

Blood stem cells in the bone marrow don’t become healthy blood cells. This results in affected growth and development

A

Myelodysplasia

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Q

Average head circumference at birth

A

34-35 cm

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Q

Head circumference increases by ___ cm during the first year

A

12

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Q

Head circumference at 4 months
A. 34 cm
B. 35 cm
C. 41 cm
D. 47 cm
E. 57 cm

A

C. 41 cm

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Head circumference at maturity A. 34 cm B. 35 cm C. 41 cm D. 47 cm E. 57 cm

E. 57 cm

Head circumference at 12 months (1st year) A. 34 cm B. 35 cm C. 41 cm D. 47 cm E. 57 cm

D. 47 cm

Head circumference is measured from the glabella and supraorbital ridges anteriorly to the ____.

occipital protuberance

Diamond-shaped A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

A. Anterior fontanelle

Formed by junction of the sagittal, corneal and frontal sutures A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

A. Anterior fontanelle

Known as Bregma in adults A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

A. Anterior fontanelle

Known as Lambda in adults A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

B. Posterior fontanelle

Closes by the end of the 1st month of age A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

B. Posterior fontanelle

Located between the occipital & 2 parietal bones A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

B. Posterior fontanelle

Triangle-shaped A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

B. Posterior fontanelle

Closes at 12-18 months of age and is found between 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones A. Anterior fontanelle B. Posterior fontanelle C. Both D. Neither

A. Anterior fontanelle

refers to lack of brain growth caused by early closure of sutures in the fontanelles

Microcephaly

refers to rapid increase in head size; may be due to elevated intracranial pressure or increase in CSF

Hydrocephalus

Height: Average length of full term baby at birth

50 cm

Average growth in height is 12 cm in the ____ year

second

Girls attain maximal growth velocity after menarche. Growth cessation occurs 2 years after menarche. A. Only the 1st statement is true B. Only the 2nd statement is true C. Both statements are true D. Both statements are false

B. Only the 2nd statement is true Correct if before menarche

TRUE OR FALSE: Adult height can be estimated by doubling the length at 3 years of age.

False, it's 2 years

acquisition and refinement of advancing skills

Development

Gross motor: Automatic reflex walking, rounded spine when sitting A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn

Gross motor: In prone, turns head to side. Flexor tone predominates A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn Additional: Primitive reflexes present

Gross motor: Head in midline, can turn to supine A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months Additional: Most primitive reflexes integrated; increase motor control with more balanced flexion and extension tone

Gross motor: Head held when pulled to sit. In prone, they lift head to 90° A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months Additional: Progressive central nervous system maturation; AKA “Lap baby”

Gross motor: Maintains sitting, rolls to prone. Has cervical lordosis because they develop neck extension A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Gross motor: Bears all weight, bounces when held erect A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Primitive, infantile reflexes are becoming integrated (disappears) allowing an increase freedom of movement and high transitional skill. Oral motor skill improving & stronger lip closure for spoon feeding A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Gross motor: Creeps, pivots in sitting, cruises, stands momentarily A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months Additional: While sitting, can reach up to ten inches forward without losing balance. Mobility and exploration continue to expand.

Transition to standing continues to improve through half kneeling A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Fine motor: Can follow bright, bold object, can visually fix and follow to a limited extent (but vision is not yet clear) A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn

Fine motor: Hands fisted, grasp reflex A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn

Fine motor: Hands mostly open, midline hand play A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months

Fine motor: Crude palmar grasp A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months

Fine motor: Intermediate grasp, bangs objects A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Fine motor: Transfers cube from hand to hand A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Fine motor: Pincer grasp, mature thumb to index grasp; bangs 2 cubes held in hands A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Personal-Social: Plays peek-a-boo A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Personal-Social: Finger feeds & chews with rotary movement A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Personal-Social: Recognizes bottle A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months

Social: Habituation A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn

Personal-Social: Differentiates between familiar person and stranger. A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Personal-Social: Holds bottle, looks for dropped objects A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

“Love affair with the world” A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Language/Speech: Shouts for attention, inhibits behavior when told “no” A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Language/Speech: Uses “mama”, “dada”; imitates speech sounds A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

D. 10 months

Language/Speech: Uses single words A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

C. 7 months

Language/Speech: Responsive vocalization, turns to sound of voice A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months

Language/Speech: Laughs / squeals, turns to bell consistently A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

B. 4 months

Language/Speech: Cries & turns head to rattle or voice A. Newborn B. 4 months C. 7 months D. 10 months

A. Newborn

Gross motor: Begins running (ability to run) A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Gross motor: Walk up and down stairs alone without help, jumps on both feet in place A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Gross motor: Runs well, pedals tricycle A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Gross motor: Walks up stairs alternating feet, broad jumps A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Gross motor: Arms at low guard, mature BoS (narrow) and heel strike A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months

Gross motor: Seats self in (low) chair, can walk backward A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months

Gross motor: Arms at high guard, wide BoS, excessive knee and hip flexion. Slight valgus of knee and feet, and foot contact on entire sole A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

A. 14 months Become independent and autonomous as babies can already walk, but is in a guarded position and arms wide on the side (immature gait). Can crawl upstairs

Fine motor: Can scribble, holds crayon full length in palm, and pile 2 cubes. A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

A. 14 months

Fine motor: Emerging hand dominance A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months

Fine motor: has crude release and dumps raisin from bottle A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months

Fine motor: Hand dominance is usually established. Places pencil between thumb and fingers A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Fine motor: Builds 8 cube tower and imitates vertical line A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Fine motor: Catches with extended arms hugging against body & uses overhead throw with AP arm and trunk motion A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Fine motor: Imitation of three cube bridge, copies circle A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Personal-social: Uses spoon with overpronation and frequent spilling of contents. Can remove a garment A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

A. 14 months

Personal-social: Imitates housework, can drink from a cup neatly, carries and hugs doll A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months

Personal-social: Explores environment; opens doors, turns knobs, feeds their doll, uses the spoon well, and pulls on their garment A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Personal-social: Toilet training usually begins A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Personal-social: Most are already toilet trained, they can unbutton, pour from pitcher, wash and dry their hands / face, can take turns A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Language/Speech: 3 word sentences. Recognizes 3 colors. Identifies self as girl or boy, gives full name, asks what, who, where. A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Language/Speech: 2 word phrases, refers to self by name and uses “me”, “mine”. Follows simple directions. A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

C. 2 years old

Language/Speech: Identifies picture and points to named body part A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

B. 18 months Additional: They can seek for help when in trouble

Language/Speech: Uses single words, can understands simple commands A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

A. 14 months

Language/Speech: Follows prepositional commands A. 14 months B. 18 months C. 2 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Language/Speech: Repeat 4 digits, knows opposite analogues A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Language/Speech: Gives name, address, age, has number concepts to 10, fluent speech A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Language/Speech: Shows mastery of grammar, uses proper articulation A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

C. 6 years old

Gross motor: Rides bicycle, roller skates A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

C. 6 years old

Gross motor: Balances 10 secs on each foot. Enjoys skipping and walks on tiptoes A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Gross motor: Walks up and down stairs on alternating feet A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Gross motor: Plantar arches developing and hops on 1 foot. Has adequate abdominal muscle strength; can sit up from supine without rolling. A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Motor behavior is mature; self-care skill developed A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Entrance to kindergarten A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Fine motor: Mature catch and throw of ball, prints alphabets A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

C. 6 years old

Fine motor: Draws man with head, body and extremities. Throws with diagonal arm and body rotation, catches with hands A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old Note: Hand dominance is expected

Fine motor: Handles a pencil like adults, can copy a cross A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Fine motor: Draws a frog-like person with head and extremities A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Fine motor: Can cut with scissors A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Personal-social: Teacher is an important authority to child A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

C. 6 years old

Personal-social: Uses fork appropriately and uses knife for spreading A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

C. 6 years old

Personal-social: Competitive team play A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Personal-social: Self-sufficient in toileting and dresses without supervision except tying shoe laces A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Personal-social: Uses fork for stabbing food and brushes teeth A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

B. 5 years old

Personal-social: Cooperative play sharing and interacting A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Personal-social: Imaginative make-believe play A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

By the age of ___, the adolescent triples his birth length.

13

Menarche (First menstruation) occurs between what age range?

12-13 years old

The two people who categorized development milestones in four areas (gross motor, fine motor-adaptive, language, and personal-social)

Gessell and Amatruda

Average full term neonate weighs

3.4 kg (or ranges between 2.5 to 4.6 kg)

Low birth weight infants weigh ___ gm

< 2500

Birth weight doubles by (1)___ and triples by (2)___

1. 5 mos 2. 1 year / 12 mos

From 3-5 years of age until the adolescent growth spurt, how much weight is gained annually?

2 kg

Period of growth from ovum up to birth is how many days?

280 (37–42 weeks)

Duration of the period of growth of ovum

0-14 days

Duration of the period of growth of embryo

14 days to 9 weeks

TRUE OR FALSE: Growth is rapid in infancy, early childhood, and during puberty. Growth is slow and steady in middle childhood; growth gradually slows down in adolescence until adult height is reached.

True

Age range of later childhood in boys and girls

Boys: 6-12 y/o Girls: 6-10 y/o (Intellectual and emotional maturity in females occurs earlier)

Age range of prepubescent (late school child or early adolescent) in boys and girls

Boys: 12-14 y/o Girls: 10-12 y/o

Average age of puberty in girls and boys

Girls: 13 y/o Boys: 15 y/o

Age range of adolescence in boys and girls

Boys: 12-20 y/o Girls: 10-18 y/o

Average time of appearance in Filipino Girls 1. Acne 2. Vaginal canal appearance of thin whitish secretion 3. Menarche A. 10-12 B. 11-13 C. 12-14

1. C 2. A 3. B

Average time of appearance in Filipino Boys 1. Adam's Apple / Laryngeal Prominence 2. Voice deepening 3. Acne A. 10-12 B. 11-13 C. 12-14 D. 13-15

1. D 2. C 3. D

Concrete operational stage of cognitive development. Can do activities like reading and playing computer and board games A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

A. 7-11 y/o

Enjoy all physical activities A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

D. 10-12 y/o

Simple multiplication and division concepts are performed A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

C. 9 y/o

Knows their birthday, when school starts, what weekends are, and what day it is A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

C. 9 y/o

Age where lasting friendships are formed

10 years old

Handles eating utensils and throws balls skillfully, uses to participate in organized sports A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

B. 8-10 y/o

Continues to improve his motor coordination A. 7-11 y/o B. 8-10 y/o C. 9 y/o D. 10-12 y/o

D. 10-12 y/o

TRUE OR FALSE: Growth spurt begins earlier in girls (10–14 years), while it is 12–16 years in boys.

True

Personal-social: Dresses and undresses with supervision A. 4 years old B. 5 years old C. 6 years old D. 8-12 years old

A. 4 years old

Average time of appearance in Filipino Boys 1. Axillary hair 2. Rapid inc in penis size 3. Facial and body hair 4. Initial enlargement of penis A. 10-12 B. 9-13 C. 12-14 D. 13-15 E. 9-11

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B

Average time of appearance in Filipino Boys 1. Start of testicular enlargement, sagging of sac wrinkling 2. Broader shoulder and broad hips 3. Initial pubic hair A. 10-12 B. 9-13 C. 12-14 D. 13-15 E. 9-11

1. E 2. A 3. A

Average time of appearance in Filipino Girls 1. Fat deposition 2. Pigmentation of areola 3. Axillary hair 4. Enlargement of breasts A. 8-10 B. 9-11 C. 11-13 D. 10-12 E. 12-14

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. E

Average time of appearance in Filipino Girls 1. Initial budding of breasts 2. Pubic hair is darker 3. Broader shoulder and broad pelvis 4. Pubic hair is downy A. 8-10 B. 9-11 C. 11-13 D. 10-12 E. 12-14

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. A