S1_L2: Fertilization, Implantation, and Embryonic Development Flashcards
Fertilization is the process by which the sperm & the secondary oocyte fuse in what region of the uterine tube?
Ampullary region
Widest part of the uterine tube
Ampulla
TRUE OR FALSE: When sperm enters, it can enter the egg in 30 mins to 5 days.
False, it’s 6 days
Movement of sperm from the cervix to the oviduct or fallopian tube is accomplished primarily by their own propulsion, although they may be assisted by movements of fluids created by the ___.
uterine cilia
Only 1% of sperm deposited in the vagina enter the cervix, where they may survive (survival of ~2-3 days). All other sperm die d/t physical stresses. Enumerate the 6 physical stresses.
- Ejaculation
- Contractions in female tract
- Change in pH environment
- Mucous secretions
- Defenses of female immune system
- Anatomy of the fallopian tube (narrow or double tract fallopian tube)
Life span of sperm in female reproductive tract
3 to 7 days
What calls and attracts the sperm when the female is ovulating and they automatically swim faster in response?
Chemoattractants
At ovulation, sperm again become motile, perhaps because of chemoattractants produced by ___, and swim to the ampulla where fertilization usually occurs
cumulus cells surrounding the egg
Spermatozoa are not able to fertilize the oocyte immediately upon arrival in the female genital tract but must undergo what to acquire this capability?
- Capacitation
- Acrosome reaction
Glycoprotein coat / shell surrounding the egg that acts as a barrier to the sperm. It facilitates and maintains sperm binding and induces the acrosome reaction.
Zona pellucida
Capacitation is a period of conditioning of the sperm while in the female reproductive tract that lasts for how long?
approximately 7 hours
Enumerate the barriers protecting the egg
- Corona radiata
- Zona pellucida
- Plasma vitelline membrane
Most important coat of the egg that protects inner organelles. It can stop or reject the other sperm to enter and only allows 1 sperm to get in.
Zona pellucida
TRUE OR FALSE: If no fertilization occurred, progesterone increases and sloughs off and menstruation occurs.
False, progesterone decreases
After reaching the ___, the sperm become less motile and cease their migration.
Isthmus
narrowest part of the fallopian tube
Isthmus
Duration of the trip from cervix to oviduct or fallopian tube in fertilization
Minimum of 2 to 7 hours
In fertilization, what will prepare the uterus and increase progesterone that causes the thickened uterine wall to develop the characteristics needed for implantation?
Luteinizing hormone
During what period will the glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins be removed from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa?
Capacitation
TRUE OR FALSE: Only capacitated sperm that reach the egg can pass through the corona radiata cells and undergo the acrosome reaction.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Only one sperm can be capacitated, thus allowing it to penetrate the egg and impregnate.
False, more than one
What enters the sperm and hyperpolarize the sperm’s plasma membrane, thus affecting the motility of the sperm?
Bicarbonate ions
The acrosome reaction is induced by?
Zona proteins
This reaction culminates in the release of enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida
Acrosome reaction
Enzyme that assists in penetration of the corona radiata barrier (1st layer)?
Hyaluronidase
What are the two enzymes that help to penetrate the zona pellucida (2nd layer)?
- Trypsin-like substance
- Acrosin
Enzyme that is needed for digestion of the zona pellucida (2nd layer)?
Trypsin-like substance
Determine the structures derived from the germ layers (in the embryo)
- Notochord
- Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tracts
- Epidermis of skin
- Pancreas
- Nervous system
- Musculoskeletal system
A. Endoderm
B. Mesoderm
C. Ectoderm
- B
- A
- C
- A
- C
- B
Determine the structures derived from the germ layers (in the embryo)
- Cornea and lens of eye
- Liver
- Lining of urethra and bladder
- Circulatory system
- Lining of reproductive system
- Muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc.
A. Endoderm
B. Mesoderm
C. Ectoderm
- C
- A
- A
- B
- A
- B
Type of pregnancy where the embryo/fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy
Additional: In this case, the mother will have a hard time giving birth or the baby may die inside the fallopian tube. As the embryo grows bigger and bigger, the fallopian tube will burst.
Condition where the embryo implants in the inferior portion of the uterus and the placenta can potentially grow over the opening of the cervix.
Placenta previa
Enumerate the phases of fertilization
- Penetration of the corona radiata
- Penetration of the zona pellucida
- Fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
The initial adhesion of sperm to the oocyte is mediated in part by the interaction of (1)___ on the oocyte and their ligands, (2)___, on sperm
- integrins
- disintegrins
Permeability of the zona pellucida changes when the head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface. This contact results in release of lysosomal enzymes from the cortical granules lining the ___ of the oocyte.
plasma membrane
The egg is arrested in which phase of meiosis II?
Metaphase II
How many spermatozoa are deposited in the vagina during intercourse?
2-5 million
In fertilization, only one sperm enters and the rest engage in disintegration of 3 barriers around the secondary oocyte via what enzyme?
hyaluronidase
TRUE OR FALSE: When one sperm enters, the female barriers change and the rest of the male sperm make sure that no other sperm can enter the egg.
True
Spermatozoa may remain viable in the female reproductive tract for how long?
48 to 72 hours
-This is the life span of sperm in the female
What initiates capacitation of the sperm?
Reproductive tract of the female
The acrosome reaction occurs after binding to the ___.
Zona pellucida
TRUE OR FALSE: Once a sperm enters the egg, the others will be blocked off because zone 2 will be impermeable.
True
Of the 2 to 5 million spermatozoa deposited in the female genital tract, how many reach the site of fertilization?
Only 300 to 500
Additional: Only 1 of these fertilizes the egg. It is thought that the others aid the fertilization sperm in penetrating the barriers protecting the female gamete.
Up to which of the 5 zones of the zona pellucida will the sperm be able to penetrate?
Zone 3
Both binding and the acrosome reaction are mediated by the ligand ___, a zona protein
ZP3
Release of ___ allows sperm to penetrate the zona, thereby coming in contact with the plasma membrane of the oocyte
acrosomal enzymes (acrosin)
The acrosomal enzymes alter properties of the zona pellucida to prevent sperm penetration. This process is known as?
zona reaction
Because the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap disappears during the acrosome reaction, actual fusion is accomplished between the oocyte and the membrane that covers the ___ region of the sperm head.
posterior
TRUE OR FALSE: In humans, both the head and tail of the spermatozoon enter the cytoplasm of the oocyte, but the plasma membrane is left behind on the oocyte surface.
True
penetration of more than one spermatozoon into the oocyte
polyspermy
Enumerate the reactions that prevent polyspermy
- Cortical reaction
- Zona reaction
As the spermatozoon enters the oocyte, the release of cortical oocyte granules occurs, which contain ___ enzymes. Then, the oocyte membrane becomes impenetrable to other spermatozoa.
lysosomal