S2 T3 Flashcards
what is a subset of the Cardiovascular System that is made up of blood, blood vessels, and blood-forming tissues, such as bone marrow.
The hematological system,
Preventing clotting of the blood.
anti-coagulation
A naturally occurring protein stimulated by certain medications to counteract the effects of thrombin, resulting in anticoagulant.
Anti thrombin
Clotting of the blood.
coagulation
Also known as a red blood cell, which contains hemoglobin and can transport oxygen throughout the body.
Erythrocyte
The formation of red bloodcells
Erythropoiesis
A hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
Protein formed from the conversion of fibrinogen, which acts by forming a net to stabilize the platelet plug, thus forming a thrombus or clot.
Fibrin
Substance converted to fibrin by the direct stimulation of thrombin.
Fibrinogen
White blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm.
Granulocytes
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs to expel.
Hemoglobin
White Blood Cell.
Leukocyte
A type of immune cell that travels to the site of infection.
Neutrophils
The clear yellowish fluid portion of the blood.
plasma
Enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin, resulting in coagulation.
Plasmin
Substance converted to plasmin by the direct stimulation of the thrombolytic medication class.
Plasminogen
Small fragments of blood cells responsible for forming a what plug during blood coagulation.
platelets
First step in the formation of a platelet plug in which a platelet sticks to a damaged area on an artery.
Platelet adhesion
Second step in the formation of a platelet plug in which a platelet changes its shape to better form the platelet plug while exposing llb/llla receptors.
Platelet Activation
Third step in the formation of a platelet plug in which platelets stick to each other by binding to llb/llla receptors, thus forming a stable platelet plug.
platelet aggregation
Substance converted to thrombin by the stimulation of the cofactor complex of factors Va and Xa.
prothrombin
Also known as factor lla, a major protein responsible for blood coagulation that works in the clotting cascade and also stimulates platelet activation.
Thrombin
Also known as a platelet, which is a small fragment of a platelet plug during blood coagulation.
Thrombocyte
A blood clot
A thrombus
(vWf): Substance exposed on a damaged artery surface that allows platelets to stick to and begin the formation of a platelet plug.
von Willebrand factor
is a serious neurological condition caused by a deficiency of oxygen supplied to the brain that can result in weakness, loss of control over muscles, difficulty speaking, and possibly death. The decrease in oxygen can be caused by either a blockage of a blood vessel in the brain or hemorrhage brain.
cerebrovascular attack
Condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood.
anemia
condition characterized by abnormal clotting, usually in leg arteries, in which the leg might appear red, swollen, and painful. A DVT can break apart and lead to other complications, such as a pulmonary embolism
Deep vein thrombosis
an object, such as a blood clot, that dislodges and travels through the blood stream until it blocks a smaller blood vessel, thereby cutting of blood flow. Blood clots in veins often travel to the lungs, where they can block blood flow from the heart to the lungs, preventing or reducing blood oxygenation
Embolism
A condition that results in a reduced number of granulocytes, which include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Granulocytopenia
A hereditary coagulation disorder that results in a decreased ability of the blood to clot normally.
hemophilia
A reduction in the oxygen supply to the body tissues
Hypoxia
The most common form of anemia, which can be caused by excessive blood loss, low dietary iron intake, or malabsorption of iron in the Gl tract.
Iron deficiency anemia
A type of cancer characterized by the
production of cancerous hematopoietic stem cells that replace normal white blood cells.
Leukemia
An abnormally low number of leukocytes present in the blood
Leukopenia
An abnormally low number of neutrophils.
Neutropenia
A condition caused by excessive red blood cell production
polycythemia
Condition characterized by the dislodging of a portion of a blood clot, also called an embolism, which travels to the Iungs and blocks blood flow, causing difficulty breathing.
pulmonary embolism
Temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, also known mini-stroke, which might signal an oncoming stroke.
Transient ischemic attack
A general term that encompass deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms.
Venous thromboembolisms
The most common inherited coagulation disorder that occurs as a result of decreased activity of von Willebrand factor
von Willebrand disease
The normal platelet plug formation process include
Platelet adhesion, Platelet activation, and platelet aggregation
Occurs when there is damage to an artery as a result of a cut or scrape
platelet adhesion
Platelets adhere to what in the first step of forming the platelet plug during adhesion
von Willebrand factor
Platelets become activated by changing their what to form the plug more efficiently.
shape
The medication that inhibits ADP
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Medications that stimulates platelet activation
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and Thrombin
The medication that reduces cyclooxygenase and reduces prostaglandin and TxAZ synthesis
Aspirin
bind to the llb/llla receptors, preventing other platelets from binding aggregation
abciximab (Reopro), Tirofiban (Aggrastat) ,and eptifibatide (Integrilin)
what indirectly inhibit factor Xa via antithrombin, a natural anticoagulant in the body
pentasaccherides
what inhibit factor Xa and are known as direct acting oral anticoagulants.
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Eliquis)
What are three ways that Thrombin exerts its actions
Stimulation by positive feedback
Stimulation of platelet activation
Conversion fibrinogen to fibrin
Low molecular weight heparin indirectly inhibit thrombin, as well as factor Xa by also binding to antithrombin.
enoxaparin (Lovinox) and unfractionated heparin
a direct inhibitor of thrombin.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
inhibits thrombin and factor Xa as well, but it also acts on several additional clotting factors, it also inhibits proteins C and S, which are natural anticoagulants in the body.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
holds the platelet plug in place like a net to form the clot, or thrombus.
Fibrin
is a natural substance the body uses to keep blood from excessive clotting, and medications can increase this substance.
Plasmin
Thrombolytics like what Converts plasminogen to plasmin to break down clots.
Alteplace (Activase), Reteplase (Retavase), and Tenecteplase (TNKase)
What is the most common dosage forms and can be scored
Tablets
prevents irritation of the stomach lining because the coating doesn’t dissolve in the low pH environment of the stomach, but rather in the small intestines.
Enteric coated tablets
a common example of medication prescribed in the enteric-coated dosage form.
aspirin
The active ingredient of a what travels to the bloodstream after it is absorbed in the mouth.
troche
are used to treat fungal infections.
clotrimazole
are used to make medications easier to swallow, mask bad taste, and allow for the rapid release of it’s contents. The medication in a capsule may be immediate onset, or may be in the form of time-released beads for optimal flexibility in dosing frequency, from once daily dosing, to dosing multiple times per day. The coating allows once or twice a day dosing.
capsule
is an example of a capsule containing time-released medication that can be taken once daily to reduce stomach acid production, which helps to prevent heartburn.
Omeprazole
liquid preparations of medications will be dispensed. Tablets can be crushed and mixed with small amounts of fluid or soft food such as applesauce and administered through
enteral or small-bore feeding tube
medication list is available on the website of the ISMP
Do Not crush list
example of vaginal medication
Misoprodal (Cryotec)
what medications can be absorbed faster by under the tongng
Sublingual
what medications can be absorbed faster by between the cheeks and gums
Buccal
Buccal medication used to relive pain and treat opioid dependence
Fentora
Example of of SL medication
Nitroglycerine (Nitrostat)
medication administrated just under the skin via syringe
subqutainious
Example of SQ medication
insulin
medication administered to a mussel
Intramuscular
Examples of IM Injection
Antibiotics
Contraceptive hormones
Vaccines
Epipen
Antipsychotics
Cefazolin Antibiotics
Depo-Provera Contraceptive
Hepatitis A vaccine
Adrenaline (epinephrine) inj
Antipsychotic Ariprazole louroxil (Abilify)
liquid med mix with booze base
elixir
combination drug used to treat pain
APAP/Hydrocodone
are a liquid medication that has added sugar to help mask the taste of medication and caution should be used when treating patients with diabetes.
syrup
are powders that are mixed with a liquid immediately prior to dispensing.
Suspension
are liquids that contain uniformly dispersed medication, ensuring the same concentration of medication throughout.
solution
Prior to dispensing any medication, what should you do. Then choose the appropriately sized measuring tool; oral syringe, amber bottle, or graduated cylinder. Use a measuring tool that is the smallest size needed to dispense the dosage amount.
calculate the dose
contain calibration markings that can differ.
oral syringes
are sized according to the number of ounces they contain and are marked with Roman Numerals.
Amber vials
used to measure larger amounts of liquid medication for compounding. To read the amount of liquid contained, look at the liquid at eye level and read from the bottom of the meniscus.
Graduated Cylinders
What is usually dispensed in 30/90 dose
Maintenance Meds
What are usually in 7-10 day doses
Antibiotics
