S1 6 - Introduction to public health Flashcards
Define (Winslow, 1920)
‘public health.’
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations, public and private, communities and individuals
For each of these sciences state the subject and outcome:
a) demography
b) epidemiology
c) health promotion
d) clinical medicine
e) health economics
a) birth and death rates in populations, population growth estimates
b) nature and pattern of diseases in population, estimates of disease incidence and prevalence
c) maintaining health & preventing disease, reduction of health inequalities
d) treating diseases in individuals, radical cure or slower progression of disease
e) efficient provision of healthcare in population, increase in (health-related) quality of life
Give example of elements of disciplines of public health are underpinned by more basic social and clinical sciences?
biostatistics sociology psychology environmental science communicable diseases public policy administration
What are the 2 main focuses of public health?
Prevention not cure
Populations not individuals
What are epidemiology and biostatistics regarded as?
The 2 disciplines central to public health policy and practice
Define ‘epidemiology.’
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems
Provide 6 reasons why it is important to know the determinants of health.
Provides context for professional practice
Understanding about WHY people are ill
Identification of health inequalities
Effective healthcare considers an individual’s psychology and structure of the society in which they live
Identify barriers to and facilitate ‘healthy behaviour’, for example, adherence to treatment and lifestyle choices
Raise awareness that ‘the right thing’ to do is not always what ‘you’ would do in the same circumstances
Draw out and explain ‘Dahlgren & Whitehead’s Model ‘ (1991) of factors that are determinants of health.
see document
What is a ‘formal care pathway?’
primary (practice nurse, GP, pharmacist, optician, dentist), secondary (general hospital) and tertiary (specialist treatment centre e.g. cancer)
What (precedes and exceeds) a ‘formal care pathway?’
However, the history of the patient and their disease precede (& exceed) these encounters
Don’t forget to keep a broad perspective
Why might there be the following combinations:
a) High birth and death rates
b) High birth and reducing death rates
a) low population growth & life expectancy maternal and child health b) population growth infectious disease overcrowding in urban centres
State the 6 Marmot Recommendations (2010) to reduce health inequalities.
- Give every child the best start in life
- Enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives
- Create fair employment and good work for all
- Ensure a healthy standard of living for all
- Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities
- Strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention.
State the ways to “Reach across and reach out,” address root causes, support those in most need as part of the Government strategy (2010) to reduce health inequalities.
responsive – owned by communities and shaped by their needs;
resourced – with ring-fenced funding and incentives to improve;
rigorous – professionally-led, focused on evidence, efficient and effective; and
resilient – strengthening protection against current and future threats to health.
State the 7 sectors in addition to PHE (Public Health England) that provide health services to the public.
local government national government the NHS voluntary and community sector industry scientific and academic community global public health
Who are the 12 stakeholders of public health?
Health professionals The general public Families and friends Employers Schools Restaurants/chains Government (local & national) Health charities e.g. BHF Media (movies, TV, radio, social) Supermarkets/retailers Health care services e.g. care homes Food companies/industry
How do the 4 categories of stakeholders often go?
Government Regulator Producer
Clients (PPI)
In which 9 ways should we involve the public in health?
Local community meetings (much better to go to where people are)
Surveys/interviews (paper, electronic, phone)
Through mass media or adverts (broad/narrow cast)
Information days where people shop or work
Petitions to encourage policy change
Focus groups
Mailshots
Via community groups
Via diet clubs
State 12 social factors are related to a poor diet?
Cost and finance Stresses and exams; other health issues Lack of education Culture Lack of resources or facilities Knowing how to cook & prepare Busy lifestyle Location (urban/rural) Easy access to fast food Unhealthy relationships with people Low perception of health risk Lack of socialisation (or inappropriate)
State 21 health problems are associated with a poor diet.
Obesity Diabetes Heart conditions Mental health; bulimia, body dysmorphia Anorexia Kidney & liver function Stress/anxiety High risk of surgical complications Joint problems Weakened immune system Vitamin deficiency At risk of stroke & MI High blood pressure Allergies Malnutrition High cholesterol Tooth decay Links to chronic disease Levels of fitness Concentration in education Physical development of young people
What are 10 desirable outcomes of improving our diets as a nation?
Lifespan may increase Reduce strain on services & social security The decline in public obesity Improved quality of life Improved health statistics Increased employment rate & productivity Improvement in knowledge Fertility may improve Improved mental health Put spare resources into other services
State 3 short-term and 3 long-term possible outcomes of improving diet.
Short-term:
Food buying patterns
Cooking at home
Exercise levels
Long-term:
Obesity
Diabetes (type II/NIDDM) reduction
Heart disease reduction
State 8 target populations for diet control.
Children Students Parents Food makers The elderly Care providers People with pre-diagnosis/existing problems (i.e. obese people by BMI assessment or people with chronic diseases) Those who may develop problems (i.e. young and not over-weight and people in high risk groups e.g. by income)
State 8 ways we can identify individuals with public health campaigns.
Via schools Via health databases, service users & existing information e.g. from GP records, hospital clinics By location – postcode campaigns Family history In work environments Self-identification and referral Via community groups and clubs At mass-gatherings e.g. sports grounds
State 11 possible interventions from public health.
Education
Workshops (interactive) like cooking classes
Guidance on how to use knowledge
Support groups
Psychology (counselling etc…) – motivational interviewing
Diet groups
Changes in food distribution network
Mass media messages
Surgical interventions
Medicines to lower cholesterol or fat absorption
“Fat camps” for young people
Give a full outline on how to outline interventions for public health.
What? (Description) Who? (Staff and participants) Where? (Care setting) When? (Timing) (Duration) How? (Resources: space and equipment) Why? (Underpinning theory)
In which 6 ways should we evaluate interventions?
Cost of delivery Awareness raised (social marketing) Public satisfaction Audit against criteria (established how?) Clinical outcomes Cost-effectiveness
