S1 4 - Approaches to Health Promotion

Question 1

Define ‘health education.’

Answer 1

Activities designed to extend the knowledge of the individual about maintaining good health and preventing illness

Question 2

Define ‘health promotion.’

Answer 2

Incorporates health education and also addresses social factors and public policy

Question 3

What do approaches to health promotion provide?

Answer 3

Provide a way of thinking about approaches that can be used when promoting health
Each will have advantages and disadvantages

Question 4

What does health promotion require to be effective?

Answer 4

Health promotion may need to use a variety of approaches

Question 5

State the 5 approaches to health promotion according to the Ewles and Simnett Model of health promotion (1999).

Answer 5

1. Medical
2. Behaviour change
3. Educational
4. Client-centred
5. Societal change

Question 6

Describe the medical approach to being an interventionist of the Ewles and Simnett Model (1999).

Answer 6

Seeks to use medical treatment and/or screening to reduce ill health (also called preventive approach)
Seeks to influence health through advice, instructions, persuasion
Focuses on the medical view of health and assumes health professionals are the best judges of a person’s needs

Question 7

State 2 advantages of the medical approach to health promotion.

Answer 7

People sometimes want to be told what to do

Health experts do have relevant knowledge and expertise

Question 8

State 4 disadvantages of the medical approach to health promotion.

Answer 8

Relies on patient complying with the preventative medical procedures
Ignores root cause of ill-health
Risk of victim-blaming approach
Top-down approach

Question 9

Describe the behaviour change approach of the Ewles and Simnett Model (1999).

Answer 9

Aims to change the behaviour of individuals through persuasion and education
Tends to work well with middle-class groups and less well with working class people, so can increase the health gap between social classes
A healthy lifestyle is dictated by the health promoter

Question 10

State the advantage of the behaviour change approach to health promotion.

Answer 10

Aims to change behaviour and encourage a healthier lifestyle

Question 11

State 3 disadvantages of the behaviour change approach to health promotion.

Answer 11

May be seen as too ‘health-promoter led’
People may feel they are being told what to do
May increase the health gap between social classes

Question 12

Describe the educational approach of the Ewles and Simnett Model (1999).

Answer 12

Seeks to provide people with accurate information so they can make informed decisions about their own health
Closely linked with behaviour change approach
Gives individuals the right to choose
Health promoter provides the information with the client needs

Question 13

State the 3 advantages of the educational approach to health promotion.

Answer 13

Provides individuals with knowledge to make informed decisions
Explores attitudes and values
Have the freedom to choose

Question 14

State 2 disadvantages of the educational approach to health promotion.

Answer 14

May not result in a change in behaviour

A person may not have the skills to use the information given

Question 15

Describe the client-centered approach of the Ewles and Simnett Model (1999).

Answer 15

Involves working with an individual client and helps them identify any changes they wish to make to their lifestyle
Support is then given to help the client to make the changes
Clients are treated as equals
Self-empowerment is key

Question 16

State the 5 advantages of the client-centred approach to health promotion.

Answer 16

Empowers client
Clients have the right to set agenda
Ethical approach, valuing the right to choose
Individuals identify their own priorities
More likely to respond if they set the agenda

Question 17

State 2 disadvantages of the client-centred approach to health promotion.

Answer 17

Ignores obstacles that prevent free and informed decision-making
Issues are only considered if the client identifies them as a concern

Question 18

Describe the societal change approach of the Ewles and Simnett Model (1999).

Answer 18

Seeks to change the physical and social environment and/or the law
e.g. banning tobacco advertising; banning smoking in public places
Relies on changing the environment to enable healthier living

Question 19

State the 3 advantages of the societal change approach to health promotion.

Answer 19

Addresses real causes of ill effects
Raises awareness
Previous public health successes indicate the effectiveness of the approach

Question 20

State 2 disadvantages of the societal change approach to health promotion.

Answer 20

May reduce individual freedom and choice through social regulation
May discourage individuals from taking responsibility

Question 21

State what Tannahill’s Model of Health Promotion (1985) is.

Answer 21

Involves 3 intersecting circles on a Venn Diagram:
- Prevention
- Health education
- Health protection
Giving 7 possible dimensions of health promotion (i.e. each area of the diagram as on the document)

Question 22

Provide an example of each of the 7 areas shown below of Tannahill’s Model of Health Promotion Venn diagram.

1. Prevention - Preventive services
2. Preventive health education
3. Preventive health protection
4. Health education for preventive health protection
5. Health education
6. Health protection
7. Health education aimed at health protection

Answer 22

1. e.g. immunisation, screening
2. e.g. advice about the risks of smoking
3. e.g. fluoridation of water
4. e.g. seat-belt campaign
5. e.g. life-skills classes
6. e.g. workplace smoking policy
7. e.g. campaigning for protective legislation – the amount of salt in a food

Question 23

Draw out the Venn diagram for Tannahill’s Model of Health using the example of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 23

see document for this

Question 24

State the 4 approaches to health promotion according to the Beattie’s Model of Health Promotion (1991).

Answer 24

authoritative
individual
collective
negotiated 
(i.e. you can combine the type of approaches you think are required)

Question 25

Give a health promotion technique that is both:

1. individual and authoritative
2. authoritative and collective
3. collective and negotiated
4. negotiated and individual

Answer 25

1. health persuasion
2. legislative action
3. community development
4. personal counselling

Question 26

For each health promotion technique state what is involved:

1. health persuasion
2. legislative action
3. community development
4. personal counselling

Answer 26

1.

• advice
• education
• behaviour change
• mass media campaign

2. • policy-making and implementation
   • legislation
   • health surveillance
3. • Lobbying
   • action research
   • skills sharing and training
   • group work
   • community development
4. • counselling
   • education
   • group work

Question 27

how can you ensure health promotion is effective?

Answer 27

You may need a combination of approaches
Adapt your approach/models to fit with the aim of your health promotion
Also, select the method (leaflets, 1-1 etc) of promoting health that best suits your aims

Question 28

For each aim state the methods:

a) health awareness
b) improving knowledge
c) self-empowering
d) changing attitudes and behaviour
e) societal/environmental change

Answer 28

a) Talks, group work, displays, mass media, campaigns, written material
b) 1-to-1 teaching, written materials, mass media, campaigns, group teaching, displays
c) Group work, social skills training, role play, counselling, assertiveness training
d) Group work, skills training, self-help groups, 1-to-1 instruction, group or individual therapy, written material, advice
e) Positive action for under-served groups, lobbying, pressure groups, community development, advocacy schemes, planning and policy making, organisational change, enforcement of laws and regulations