S1 2 - Health behaviours and models Flashcards
Why we don’t do all the healthy things we should?
Lack of motivation
Laziness
Define each of the following:
a) Well-behaviour
b) Symptom-based behaviour
c) Sick-role behaviour
a) (doing things you think benefit you) any activity is undertaken to maintain or improve current health and avoid illness
b) any activity people who feel ill undertake to determine the problem
c) any activity people undertake to get well after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is. Includes role and obligations
Provide examples of well-behaviour.
Exercise Nutrition Drinking water Going for regular screenings Vaccinations
Which factors within individuals pose problems in promoting wellness?
Heath behaviors seem less attractive
May have to alter long-standing behaviors
If currently healthy, little incentive to practice healthy behaviour, especially if inconvenient. Do not feel side-effects from lack of sleep, eating habits and lack of exercise however consequences may come later
May not have required knowledge and skills to make required changes
May not have time or facilities
May not have will-power or self-belief to make the changes needed
Which interpersonal factors pose problems in promoting wellness?
Is support available?
The new regime may disrupt family life
Which factors in a community pose problems in promoting wellness?
Is there encouragement from community organisations?
Health professional’s role
Lack of funds for community health projects
The economics of an environment
What are the determinants of health-related behaviour?
To do with if you have a positive/negative experience at the end
What is ‘conditioning’ as a determinant of health-related behaviour?
reinforcement and punishment
What are ‘modelling/role models’ as a determinant of health-related behaviour?
what you see from those who you look up to
What is ‘habit’ as a determinant of health-related behaviour?
to reward yourself
What is ‘observation’ as a determinant of health-related behaviour?
seeing how a family member/friend react when stressed and copying them
State 5 ‘social, personality, emotional’ factors which are determinants of health-related behaviour.
Degree of support and encouragement People’s perceptions Conscientiousness Emotions Stress levels
What is ‘perception/cognition’ as a determinant of health-related behaviour?
Perceived symptoms and cognitive factors (those where you are acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses)
Describe the ‘health belief’ model.
Widely researched and accepted theory
Explains why people do and do not practice certain behaviours
Likelihood of performing some health behaviour depends on the outcome of 2 assessments:
Perceived threat
Pros and cons of taking action
What is the ‘perceived threat’ as part of the ‘health belief’ model?
The degree to which you feel threatened by the situation. Includes:
Perceived seriousness of the health problem
Perceived susceptibility to the health problem
Cues to action
What is meant by ‘weighing pros and cons’ as part of the ‘health belief’ model?
Assess the benefits of taking action
The barriers or costs involved
What is meant by ‘cues to action/decision to perform health behaviour’ as part of the ‘health belief’ model?
the outcome based on the percieved threat and pros and cons of taking action
What do ‘Models of Behaviour Change’ do?
Helping people to change their behaviour
State 2 ‘Models of Behaviour Change.’
Health Action Model by Tones 1987
Stages of Change Model (Also called Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change) by Prochaska and DiClemente 1982
What is the Health Action Model by Tones (1987) about?
Emphasizes the importance of self-esteem on behaviour
Learning life skills are essential
Identifies psychological, social, environmental determinants of health-related choices
Health decisions/actions are influenced by beliefs, values, motivation, reactions of others, self-esteem and self-concept
Focus on empowerment
Draw out the Health Action Model by Tones (1987).
see document
What is the ‘Stages of change’ model about?
Used effectively for changing a range of health-related behaviours
Identifies stages a person can go through during the process of behaviour change
Integrates role of personality and choices, the impact of social and environmental forces that limit the potential for change
‘revolving door’
May go round more than once before emerging to a permanently changed state
Some people never get as far as the door!
Draw out the cycle of the Stages of Change Model?
see document
Describe the ‘Pre-contemplation’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
Precedes entry to the change cycle
The person has no awareness of a need for change, does not accept it, has no motivation to change habits or lifestyle
Describe the ‘Contemplation’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
The way into the revolving door cycle of change
Enter this stage when having enough motivation to contemplate changing habits
Describe the ‘Commitment (preparation)’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
Serious decision to change the particular habit concerned
Describe the ‘Action’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
When they actively begin to change the habit
Describe the ‘Maintenance’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
People struggle to maintain the change
May experiment with various coping strategies
Describe the ‘Relapse’ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
Most cannot exit from the revolving door first time round
Typically relapse
Important to engage in the cycle again
Describe the ‘Exit ‘ Stage of the ‘Stages of Change Model.’
People are settled into a changed behaviour
