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MyAGK > S Airframe Design and Materials > Flashcards

S Airframe Design and Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What causes a high rate of repeated stress?

A

High flight cycle rate

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2
Q

What does repeated stressing cause?

A

Metal fatigue

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3
Q

What is the certification standard for turbine powered large aircraft?

A

CS25

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4
Q

What types of aircraft does CS23 cover?

A
  • Normal
  • Utility
  • Aerobatic
  • Commuter
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5
Q

What does CS25 deem permissible for minor failures?

A

Probable

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6
Q

What does CS25 deem permissible for major failures?

A

Remote

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7
Q

What does CS25 deem permissible for hazardous failures?

A

Extremely remote

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8
Q

What does CS25 deem permissible for catastrophic failures?

A

Extremely improbable

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9
Q

What is the safe life concept?

A

A part which can comfortably sustain safe operations within its designed life span

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10
Q

Will a safe life component fail?

A

It can fail, but it will not lead to catastrophic structural damage during normal operation

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11
Q

What is the fail safe concept?

A

Critical areas are built with multiple load paths so if one fails an alternate path can carry the load

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12
Q

What should happen if the primary load path fails?

A

Inspection should capture the fault before the alternate also fails

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13
Q

What is the damage tolerance concept?

A

Structures have crack-arresting features which limit the extent to which cracks can speed

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14
Q

What is redundancy?

A

The duplication/triplication of vital systems for use in the event of a failure

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15
Q

What is load?

A

An external force that causes stress

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16
Q

What is stress?

A

Internal force per unit area inside the component

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17
Q

What is strain?

A

Deformation of a component

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18
Q

4 types of stress?

A
  • Tension
  • Compression
  • Torsion
  • Shear
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19
Q

What is bending?

A

A material experiences multiple stresses simultaneously. Compression inside the bend, tension outside the bend and shear along the component centreline

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20
Q

What is a dynamic load?

A

Load imposed by manoeuvring, can change quickly, rapid buildup can impose severe stress

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21
Q

What is a static load?

A

Build up slowly or remain constant e.g when the aircraft is parked

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22
Q

What is a cyclic load?

A

The change of loads during flight, components experience changes from compression to tension

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23
Q

What can cyclic loads lead to?

A

Metal fatigue

24
Q

What can lead to structural failure?

A

Undetected overstress

25
Q

What must a flight crew do if overstress is suspected?

A

Instigate an investigation

26
Q

Where is the greatest bending force experienced?

A

Wing root

27
Q

When does maximum stress occur?

A

Empty wing tanks and a loaded aircraft

28
Q

What are signs of stress?

A

Deterioration, distortion, loose or missing rivets, ripples, bubbles, dents, creases, waves, cracked paint and black oxide near a rivet

29
Q

What is the ultimate load limit?

A

Any stress within this limit will be elastic deformation and return to original condition, not leading to structural failure

30
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Multiple applications of stress

31
Q

At what stress does a component fail?

A

Ultimate stress

32
Q

What is fatigue strength?

A

Stress at which failure occurs for a given number of cycles

33
Q

What is fatigue life?

A

The number of cycles required for a metal to fail at a certain stress

34
Q

What is max ramp mass?

A

Max mass authorized for maneuvering (taxiing or towing) aircraft on ground

35
Q

What is max take-off mass?

A

Maximum mass at which the pilot of the aircraft is allowed to take-off

36
Q

What is max zero fuel mass?

A

Mass of airplane and all its contents (including unusable fuel), but excluding the total weight of the usable fuel on board

37
Q

What is max landing mass?

A

Maximum mass at which an aircraft is permitted to land

38
Q

3 ways to reduce fatigue?

A
  1. Avoid coarse manoeuvring
  2. Avoid turbulence
  3. Not flying with excess load (fuel or payload)
39
Q

How does corrosion effect fatigue life?

A

Provides a natural starting point for fatigue cracks

40
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Material will return to original shape

41
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Material will permanently deform

42
Q

What are composite materials?

A

Materials made form 2 or more constituent materials

43
Q

6 key benefits of composite materials?

A 
Fibres can be aligned to provide best load qualities
Lighter
Make complex structures
High strength
High stiffness
Resistant to corrosion
44
Q

Where would glass fibre reinforced be used?

A

Non-load bearing ducts and panels

45
Q

What is a matrix in a composite structure?

A

Material that support the fibres and bonds them together

46
Q

Disadvantages of composite materials?

A 
Hard to inspect for flaws
May absorb moisture which can freeze and cause delamination
Less damage tolerant 
Requires immediate repair
Does not conduct electricity
47
Q

Which materials are more damaged by lightning strikes?

A

Composite

48
Q

3 ways to check composite structure delamination?

A

Bubbles
Hair-line cracks
Changes in sound when tapping the surface

49
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Disintegration of a engineered material into its constituent atoms

50
Q

What is oxidisation?

A

Chemical reaction between metal and air causing a breakdown of the metals surface

51
Q

What is electrolytic corrosion?

A

Corrosion resulting between 2 metals coupled with fluid between them

52
Q

What is stress corrosion?

A

Interaction of fatigue and corrosion

53
Q

What is delamination?

A

When overstressed composite layers begin to separate and significantly reduce the strength of a structure

54
Q

What is hard time maintenance?

A

Planned maintenance of a component based on a predetermined parameter (landings, hours, cycles etc)

55
Q

What is on condition maintenance?

A

Based on the physical condition of a component in a given instant, components that fail checks must be replaced

56
Q

What is condition monitoring?

A

Monitoring a components condition based on predetermined parameters to identify changes that may be indicative of a fault

MyAGK (37 decks)

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