Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USSR > RUSSIA Social Developments PART 1 > Flashcards

RUSSIA Social Developments PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do as soon as they had seized power to improve the lives of women?

A

Established a women’s branch of the Central Committee in 1917, Zhenotdel, to promote the status of women within socialist notions of equality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What were the series of decrees introduced as soon as the Bolsheviks were in power to give women greater status and freedom in marriage? (4)

A

Divorce was made easier; laws that made a woman obey her husband repealed, live with him and take his name were abolished; women no longer needed their husband’s permission to take a job/study in further education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did the 1920 decree on Womens health do to provide abortions?

A

Made it free in hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the 1920 decree on womens health do to discourage backstreet abortions?

A

Any doctors/nurses found carrying it out oustide hospital immediately suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When did Lenin address a women’s congress and suggest the derogatory term ‘baba’ should be banned?

A

1918

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was the principle of equal pay for men and women passed into law and maternity leave arrangements granted?

A

December 1917

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What declared that were men and women were equal?

A

Soviet constitution of 1918

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many divorces were still initiated by men?

A

70%- often abandoning women who had become pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What was the main problem with Lenin’s early decrees?

A

The male population were very resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many women fought in the Red Army during the civil war?

A

Over 70,000- but few held high rank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many women and children worked in factories in the Civil War? (very vague just get order of magnitude)

A

Millions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WHat happened to many women who worked in the Civil War after?

A

They were generally unskilled or thought unsuitable for labour so lost their jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When was the famine that followed the civil war?

A

1921-22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alexandra Kollontai

A

Leading Bolshevik figure in early years of the regime and first woman to be a member of a government in Europe; feminist and believer in free love; member of the Central Committee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When was Kollontai made head of Zhenotdel?

A

1920

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When did Kollontai’s influence wane?

A

After 1921

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which areas were particularly resistant to change?

A

Muslim areas of Central Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When was the campaign against the veiling of women?

A

1927

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What sometimes happened to Muslim women who refused to wear traditional dress?

A

Killed by members of their own family in ‘honour’ killings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where was a Zhenotdel meeting attacked by Muslim men with dogs and boiling water?

A

Baku

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When did the Party close down Zhenotdel, claiming that women’s issues had been solved?

A

1930

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When did the status of rural women improve slowly?

A

Khrushchev and Brezhnev years- social provision, such as health care and maternity benefits, was extended to the countryside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was the internal passport system extended to collective workers?

A

1974

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How did the number of female industrial workers rise during the 1930s?

A

From 3 million in 1928 to over 13 million in 1940

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In which industry did women dominate the workforce?

A

Light industry, especially textiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which male-dominated industries did women enter?

A

Construction industry- lumbering and engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who was the tractor driver used as a role model for Soviet women?

A

Praskovia Angelina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which city’s underground was built partly by brigades of female workers?

A

Moscow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many alcoholics were there estimated to be in 1987?

A

20 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How many higher education places did the government reserve for women in 1929?

A

20%- modest increase on the 14% already occupied by women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many engineering students were female by 1940?

A

Over 40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When was an initial wave of women volunteers for the Red Army turned away?

A

1941

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What caused the government to reluctantly change its mind about women being involved in active combat during WW2?

A

Heavy losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How many women served in the armed forces during WW2?

A

800,000

35
Q

Where did most women serve in the armed forces during WW2?

A

Medical units but also as pilots, machine-gunners and tanks crews

36
Q

How many women received the Soviet Union’s highest military award, ‘Hero of the Soviet Union’?

A

89

37
Q

When was the attitude that women were expected to work and could do so in a wide range of occupations widespread?

A

By the 1950s

38
Q

When had women been given the vote for the first time?

A

Provisional Government of 1917

39
Q

How many women made up Party leadership in 1932?

A

16%

40
Q

When did female delegates at Party congresses exceed 10%?

A

1939

41
Q

When did Kollontai serve as a people’s commissar?

A

Commissar for Public Welfare from 1917-18

42
Q

How many women were members of the Central Committee before WW2?

A

Only 7

43
Q

Who were the two most prominent women in politics pre-WW2?

A

Nadezhda Krupskaya; Alexandra Kollontai

44
Q

Who was the first woman to become a full candidate member of the top body within the Party and a favourite of Khrushchev?

A

Ekaterina Furtseva

45
Q

What was the Politburo renamed?

A

Presidium

46
Q

When did Ekaterina Furtseva become a member of the presidium?

A

1957

47
Q

After Furtseva, when did the Soviet Union have to wait until before another woman made it into the Party’s top body?

A

September 1988- Alexandra Biryukova

48
Q

Who was one of the most famous ballerinas at the Bolshoi Ballet company?

A

Natalia Bessmertnova

49
Q

Which actress became famous for her role in the Soviet film War and Peace (1967)?

A

Ludmila Savelyeva

50
Q

Who became the first woman in space in 1963?

A

Valentina Tereshkova

51
Q

When did the commuters in Moscow complain about being robbed by young thugs on evening trains?

A

1970s

52
Q

What did the Bolsheviks’s Family Code of 1918 make easier?

A

Divorce

53
Q

What was the divorce rate in 1979?

A

33%

54
Q

When did a new marriage law give equal status to registered and unregistered marriages?

A

1927

55
Q

By when was Russia’s divorce rate the highest in Europe?

A

Mid-1920s

56
Q

When was the Family Code revised to make divorce even easier, leading to so-called ‘postcard divorces’?

A

1926

57
Q

By 1926, how many marriages in Moscow ended in divorce?

A

50%

58
Q

How did abortions outnumber live births in Moscow?

A

3:1

59
Q

When did the government become so concerned about the detrimental effects of family breakdowns, that measures were introduced to raise the status of marriage?

A

Mid-1930s

60
Q

When was Stalin’s ‘Great Retreat’?

A

1936

61
Q

Great Retreat

A

Stalin issued a series of more conservative laws

62
Q

How was divorce made more expensive as a result of the Great Retreat?

A

Increased from 4 roubles to 50

63
Q

What was declared illegal as part of the Great Retreat?

A

Male homosexuality

64
Q

What was outlawed as part of the Great Retreat?

A

Abortion

65
Q

How was the status of pregnant women increased during the Great Retreat?

A

Pregnant women were guaranteed job security and the right to be given lighter work; maternity leave was extended to 16 weeks

66
Q

Which marriages lost their legal status as part of the Great Retreat?

A

Free marriages

67
Q

As part of the Great Retreat, what reappeared in shops after being branded as ‘bourgeois’?

A

Gold wedding rings

68
Q

How did the number of nursery places change between 1928-30?

A

Doubled and continued to grow during the 2FYP

69
Q

When did further strengthening of the family take place?

A

July 1944

70
Q

During the Great Retreat, what was was the concept of family suggested to be?

A

Necessary unit of socialist society

71
Q

How was the family unit strengthened in July 1944?

A

‘Mother-heroine’ awards; tax on single people; divorce made more complicated

72
Q

What was much of the social stability of the Khrushchev years underpinned by?

A

Government’s promotion of the family as a social unit

73
Q

How much of the workforce did women make up by 1960?

A

49%

74
Q

Which family members sometimes took up domestic duties as a result of wives being in full-time employment?

A

Babushki

75
Q

When was abortion legalised again?

A

1955

76
Q

When did the government reinforce traditional values with the a new Family Code?

A

1968

77
Q

In the 1970s, what put extra pressure on economically productive family members?

A

Declining rate of population growth- by 1982, growth had fallen to just 0.8%

78
Q

Where were the birth rates higher?

A

Central Asian republics

79
Q

How many children did the average family have in 1970?

A

2.4- a drop from 2.9 in 1959

80
Q

What did the Party leadership discuss the for inclusion in the 1981 Party Programme?

A

Use of ‘birth incentives’

81
Q

What continued to put strain on family relationships in the 1970s?

A

Shortage of adequate housing

82
Q

How much alcohol was the average Soviet consuming by 1982?

A

18 litres of spirits per year

83
Q

What did the Family Code of 1968 require?

A

Couples to give 1 month’s notice before a wedding

USSR (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions