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USSR > BRITAIN Chartism part 1 > Flashcards

BRITAIN Chartism part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the government disperse the Bull Ring Chartists?

A

Sent a police force from London on the recently opened London and Birmingham railway

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2
Q

When was the Newport Rising?

A

3 November 1839

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3
Q

Where had Chartism secured very strong support?

A

Industrial areas of South Wales

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4
Q

Who was the Newport Rising organised for in order to campaign for their release from prison?

A

Henry Vincent, a prominent Welsh Chartist

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5
Q

Who led one of the three separate marches that converged at Newport?

A

John Frost, a member of the Convention

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6
Q

Where did the Newport marchers surround?

A

Westgate Hotel

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7
Q

How many people were killed in the Newport Rising?

A

22

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8
Q

How many people were injured in the Newport Rising?

A

Over 50

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9
Q

What happened to Frost and two of his associates in the aftermath of the Newport riot? What did the government step in and do?

A

Found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death- government ensured that the men were sentenced to transportation for life instead of execution to prevent further rioting

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10
Q

When was the first Chartist petition?

A

June 1839

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11
Q

Who presented the first Chartist petition to parliament and what reform movement had he created?

A

Thomas Attwood, founder of the BPU

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12
Q

How many signatures did the first Chartist petition contain?

A

1,283,000

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13
Q

How many of the signatories of the first of the Chartist petition were women?

A

1/4

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14
Q

When did the House of Commons vote on the first Chartist petition?

A

14 July 1839

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15
Q

How was the first Chartist petition received by the House of Commons?(how many votes, fewer than what fraction of parliament turned up)

A

Rejected by 235 votes to 46; fewer than 1/2 of all MPs turned up to vote

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16
Q

What was the National Convention, and when did it fall into disarray?

A

The national convention was organised to present the first petition and was considered a new parliament but it felt apart by August 1839

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17
Q

Who had withdrawn their support from the National Convention by August 1839?

A

BPU, worried by violence at the Bull Ring

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18
Q

When was the National Convention dissolved?

A

September 1839

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19
Q

When was the second Chartist petition?

A

1842

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20
Q

Why were the circumstances surrounding the second Chartist petition different to those of the first?

A

Whig government that had dominated politics in the 1830s were heavily defeated in the 1841 election at hands of Peel’s Conservatives; different economic circumstances

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21
Q

Why were the economic circumstances surrounding the second Chartist petition different to those of the first?

A

Peel’s entry into office coincided with a period of severe economic depression; widespread unemployment by 1842

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22
Q

How many signatures did the second Chartist petition contain?

A

3.3 million- 1/3 of adult population

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23
Q

How was the second Chartist petition received by the House of Commons?

A

Denied a hearing by 287 votes to 49

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24
Q

When were the Plug Plot riots?

A

1842

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25
Q

Plug Plot riots 1842

A

Wage reductions in the Yorkshire and Lancashire cotton trades sparked a wave of strikes, which involved workers removing plugs from boilers and bringing a factory to a standstill

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26
Q

How were the Plug Plot riots 1842 received by the Chartist movement?

A

Not promoted- O’Connor denounced them in the ‘Northern Star’

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27
Q

What ended the violence in the north in response to the rejection of the Chartist petitions?

A

1842 harvest and fall in unemployment

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28
Q

When was the third Chartist petition?

A

1848

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29
Q

When did events give new life to the Chartist movement?

A

1847-48

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30
Q

When was there a general depression that led to a third wave of Chartism?

A

1847

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31
Q

What worried many Chartists in 1847?

A

Whig victory in the election

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32
Q

When was O’Connor elected as the MP for Nottingham?

A

1847

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33
Q

When did a wave of revolutionary activity sweep across Europe?

A

Early 1848

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34
Q

When did the French monarchy fall?

A

February 1848

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35
Q

How many people turned up to the Kennington Common meeting?

A

Only 25,000

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36
Q

When was the Kennington Common meeting?

A

10 April 1848

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37
Q

What made the Kennington Common meeting different from the mass meetings of 1838-9?

A

Very few women attended

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38
Q

How many signatures did O’Connor claim that the third Chartist petition had?

A

5.5 million

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39
Q

Why did the House of Commons refuse to consider the third Chartist petition?

A

Fewer than 2 million genuine signatures

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40
Q

When did a meeting in London post-third petition attract a crowd of 60,000?

A

May 1848

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41
Q

When did it become clear that Chartism no longer attracted a strong allegiance among working people?

A

Early 1849

42
Q

What ruined O’Connor?

A

1848 petition

43
Q

When was the final Chartist Convention convened?

A

1858

44
Q

After the final Chartist Convention, who took over putting the pressure on parliament for reform?

A

Middle-class radicals such as John Bright

45
Q

When was O’Connor imprisoned?

A

1840

46
Q

National Charter Association (NCA)

A

National body supported by a membership that paid a quarterly subscription; gave central direction to Chartism for the rest of the decade

47
Q

How many people joined the NCA?

A

70,000

48
Q

What have many historians suggested that the NCA was?

A

First national party of the working class

49
Q

Who led the NCA?

A

Feargus O’Connor

50
Q

Other than O’Connor’s attitude, what did many Chartist leaders find difficult to handle with him?

A

His uncompromising manner

51
Q

When was O’Connor released from prison?

A

August 1841

52
Q

What did Lovett focus his time in jail on, as well as the People’s Charter?

A

Educational initiatives

53
Q

What did Lovett form after his release from prison?

A

National Association Promoting the Political and Social Improvement of the People- ‘Knowledge Chartism’

54
Q

When was Lovett released from prison?

A

1840

55
Q

Why did O’Connor denounce Lovett’s new pursuit?

A

He felt it would distract Chartism from its central focus of the People’s Charter

56
Q

When did Lovett’s National Association fade into insignificance?

A

Late 1850s

57
Q

When was Peel in office?

A

1841-46

58
Q

What did Peel’s government not do that their Whig predecessors had?

A

Pass any legislation that aroused Chartist anger

59
Q

Which of Peel’s policies were broadly welcomed?

A

Reduced duties on imported corn and other goods

60
Q

What legislation did Peel’s Tory government introduce to tackle social issues?

A

Mines Act 1842; Factory Act 1844

61
Q

How did Peel feel about Chartism?

A

He was as opposed to it as his predecessors

62
Q

How did O’Connor decide to reunite Chartism and rekindle its radical enthusiasm?

A

Chartist Land Plan

63
Q

Where did O’Connor reveal his Chartist Land Plan?

A

Convention of 1845

64
Q

How many families were settled under the Chartist Land Plan?

A

Only 250

65
Q

Why did Chartism fail to achieve its aims by 1850?

A

A divided working class; Chartism and the trade unions; a changing economy

66
Q

Why did the trade unions abandon the Chartist movement?

A

Proposal of a ‘sacred month’ in 1839

67
Q

When did the National Charter Association try to forge more lasting links with the unions?

A

Early 1840s

68
Q

When was the National Association of United Trades launched?

A

1845

69
Q

What did O’Connor change the name of his newspaper to in order to try to form an alliance with the trade union movement?

A

‘Northern Star and the National Trades’

70
Q

What did Chartism do for working-class radicalism?

A

Breathed new life into it

71
Q

When was payment of MPs introduced?

A

1912

72
Q

When was support for Chartism in its height?

A

1838-39

73
Q

How many copies of the ‘Northern Star’ were sold in 1845?

A

Fewer than 6,000

74
Q

Which towns in particular had a vigorous Chartist presence?

A

Ashton-Under-Lyne; Stockport

75
Q

Where did Chartism make the least impact?

A

Essex and Suffolk provided less than 1% of its strength; Ireland

76
Q

Who was infamous for his sermons that denounced Chartist leaders as irreligious?

A

Bishop of Norwich

77
Q

Why did Chartism never manage to get a foothold in London?

A

Its sheer size

78
Q

Where did Chartism enjoy strong support?

A

Expanding industrial areas of the Midlands and the north; industrial areas in Scotland; Wales

79
Q

Why was there some increase in Chartist activity in the 1840s?

A

Fluctuations in the economy; well-organised activities of the National Charter Association

80
Q

How were women involved in the Chartist movement?

A

Fundraising activities; running Chartist Sunday Schools; sewing banners; organising tea parties; ‘exclusive deals’

81
Q

How many female Chartist organisations were there?

A

100- but women were never considered for roles in the national movement

82
Q

Which organisations were women drawn to after they withdrew from Chartism?

A

Religious and teetotal groups

83
Q

What was the attitude of most men towards female Chartists?

A

Women should limit themselves to supporting their husbands and families and should not engage in political activities

84
Q

Anti-Corn Law League

A

Formed in Manchester in 1838, with strong financial support from a number of rich industrialists- it claimed that the repeal of the Corn Laws would benefit agricultural interest

85
Q

Which organisations were alliances proposed with in order to expand Chartist support in the early 1840s?

A

ACLL; Complete Suffrage Union

86
Q

What was Peel in 1829?

A

Home Secretary

87
Q

Rural Police Act 1839

A

Empowered authorities in counties and boroughs to raise their own police forces, which were paid for by a local rate

88
Q

When was the electric telegraph developed?

A

1840s

89
Q

When did the electric telegraph prove to be invaluable?

A

1848

90
Q

When did the Whig government take strong action against the Chartists?

A

After 1839 petition and Newport Rising 1839-40

91
Q

When was the failure of the Irish potato crop?

A

1845

92
Q

When did Napier let go of the command of the Northern District?

A

1841- took command of a body of troops in India

93
Q

Major General Napier

A

Displayed an active sympathy for the poor for many years; his sensible command prevented a second Peterloo

94
Q

When was Napier appointed to command 4000 troops in the Northern district?

A

April 1839

95
Q

What was Napier’s strategy?

A

Divided his force into 3 large detachments, positioned around the north and close to major industrial centres; refused to take provocative measures

96
Q

What eased Napier’s fears about possible violence?

A

Kersal Moor meeting, May 1839

97
Q

When was the first passenger railway in England opened?

A

1830

98
Q

When were the two waves of railway mania and what did they lead to?

A

1836-38 and 1844-46; creation of a substantial network, covering over 5,000 miles by 1850

99
Q

When was the London and Birmingham Railway opened?

A

1838

100
Q

What was the Elizabethan Poor Law 1601?

A

Allowed the poor to remain in their own homes and claim assistance in the form of outdoor relief

101
Q

How many people attended the Kersal Moor meeting in may 1839?

A

20,000 men; 10,000 women and children

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